Integrated logistics

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Patient Marc LabradorWard Bed 10

Age/Sex 5 days/MaleDate of Admission Nov. , 001

Informant aunt/mother (reliability 80%)

CLINICAL HISTORY

By Intern Sonny Cyrus Bata

General Data

M.L., 5-day-old male, from Muntinlupa City, admitted on November , 001 for yellowish discoloration of the skin.

History of Present Illness

The Pt was born full term, via spontaneous vaginal delivery to a -year-old GP (00) at home c/o a midwife. Weight=8. lbs. No significant maternal illnesses/infection during present pregnancy, no maternal drug intake during the pregnancy, (+) regular prenatal check-ups, and no perinatal complications. Minimal blood loss during the delivery. (-) cephalhematoma, (?) Vitamin K, (+) good cry, good activity, no cyanosis, good suck at birth. (+) UO, BM

Pt was apparently well until 1 day PTA, there was note of icteric sclerae and jaundice of the whole body. (-) fever, (-) seizures, (-) feeding problems. Pt was noted to be awake with good suck and activity.

1 hours PTA, note of upward rolling of eyeballs associated with stiffening of the extremities which lasted for less than a minute, (+) poor suck, (-) loss of consciousness, (-) cyanosis, (-) drooling, (-) dyspnea, no fever at this time, (-) vomiting.

hours PTA, Pt was noted to be febrile (temp .40C), with persistence of jaundice. He was given Paracetamol drops with lysis of the fever. Pt was immediately brought to RITM where assessment was sepsis neonatorum, to consider kernicterus probably 0 to ABO incompatibility. Pt was then referred to PGH for further evaluation.

Review of Systems

(-) diarrhea(-) bleeding(-) oliguria

(-) umbilical stump discharge(-) dyspnea(-) acholic stools

(-) vomiting(+) dark green stools(-) pallor

(-) skin rashes(-) umbilical stump discharge

(-) pruritus(-) dark-colored urine(-) easy bruisability

(-) edema(-) drug intake-sulfonamides

Past Medical History as above

Family Medical History

(-) DM

(+) bronchial asthma - grandfather

(+) jaundice - maternal cousin, double exchange transfusion done.

(-) hepatitis, infectious diseases, blood dyscrasia

Immunizations none yet

Nutritional History breastfed since birth

Personal and Social History youngest of three siblings. -year-old mother (housewife), year old father (unemployed), financial support from relatives.

Physical Examination

¢At the ER, Pt was received asleep but arousable, jaundiced, in extended position

¢HR 140, RR 40, Temp 7.00C

¢HC cm, CC cm, AC 8cm

¢Length 48cm, weight .kg (P5)

¢Pink conjunctivae, icteric sclerae, soft and flat anterior and posterior fontanelles. (-) cervical lymphadenopathy, yellowish oral cavity

¢Symmetric chest expansion, clear breath sounds, no retractions, no alar flaring, no wheezes and crackles

¢No heaves and lifts, distinct heart sounds, normal rate and regular rhythm, no murmurs appreciated

¢Flat abdomen, normoactive bowel sounds, soft, liver edge 1cm below right subcostal margin, no masses and tenderness, (+) reddish, swollen umbilical stump with foul-smelling discharge

¢Full pulses, pink nailbeds, no edema and cyanosis, (+) jaundice all over, no petecchiae

¢Grossly male external genitalia, descended testes

¢Neuro exam asleep, arousable, mm EBRTL, no preferential movement, no spasticity, supple neck, DTRs +++, (-) extensor toe sign, spontaneous movement of all extremities

Assessment at the ER

Hyperbilirubinemia probably secondary to

1.ABO incompatibility

.sepsis neonatorum

Management at the ER

Therapeutics

Pt was started on Penicillin G 00,000 units/kg/day, Amikacin 15mkd, Phenobarbital 5mkd, Tetanus toxoid IM, Vitamin K mg IV OD

Phototherapy

Diazepam 0. mkdose, 0.8mg IV for frank seizures

Diagnostics done

CBCHgb 148, Hct 0.45, Plt 40, WBC .60 (Neut 58, Lymph 4, B/E/M not indicated), RBC 5.15 (no PBS requested)

Blood chemTB 855.0 (0-17.1), DB 17.06 (0-5), IB 88.8 (.4-1.70)

BUN .6, Crea (dec)

Ca .4, Na 147, K 4., Cl 10

Alb 18 (dec), glob , Alk phos 104, AST 74 (inc), ALT (dec)

Blood typeMother O+, Baby B+

ABG7., 8, 105, 18, -8, 7%

(acidosis increases risk of kernicterus)

ProtimeActivity 0.0, INR .6

Stool examBrown, soft, no RBCs, no parasites, 10-0 WBCs

U/ADark yellow, hazy, 1.010, 7.0, + sugar, +1 alb, 0- RBCs, 10-15 RBCs

Other labs done Coombs test, baby gram APL, blood CS

Additional labs Serology (mother)

Reticulocyte count, PBS

ESR

T4/TSH

G6PD screen, galactosemia screening

TORCH, Hepa profile

Criteria that rule out physiologic jaundice

1.Jaundice in the first 4-6 hours of life.

.TB increasing by more than 5mg/dL (85umol/L) per day.

.TB exceeding 1. mg/dL in a FT infant or 15 mg/dL in a PT infant.

4.DB exceeding 1.5- mg/dL or 15% of TB

5.Clinical jaundice persisting for more than a week in a FT infant or weeks in a PT infant

Etiologies of jaundice 0 to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Overproduction of Bilirubin

1.Increased rate of hemolysis

a.(+) Coombs test

-Rh incompatibility

-ABO incompatibility

-other minor blood groups

b.(-) Coombs test

-abnormal RBC morphology

-RBC enzyme abnormalities

c.Sepsis

.Nonhemolytic causes of increased bilirubin load (elevated IB, normal retic count)

a.Extravascular hemorrhage

b.Polycythemia

c.Exaggerated enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin (delayed stooling, bowel obstruction)

d.Inadequate caloric intake

e.Neonatal asphyxia

Decreased rate of conjugation

1.Physiologic jaundice

.Crigler-Najjar syndrome

.Gilberts syndrome

Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia Hypothyroidism, Down syndrome, Cyanotic heart disease

Increased direct bilirubin

1.Sepsis

.Intrauterine infection (Toxoplasmosis, CMV, Rubella, Herpes, syphilis)

.Severe hemolytic disease

4.Biliary atresia

5.Giant cell hepatitis

6.Choledochal cyst

7.Cystic fibrosis

8.Galactosemia

.Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency

10.Tyrosinemia

ABO incompatibility

Isoimmune hemolytic anemia may result when ABO incompatibility occurs between mother and the newborn infant.

Common with blood type A or B infants born to type O mothers

Hemolysis begins in utero and is the result of active placental transport of maternal isoantibody (7S-IgG in type O)

In type A or B mothers, the 1S-IgM antibody is present which cannot cross the placenta

Mild hemolytic anemia with reticulocytosis, microspherocytosis, early-onset unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Risk is present in 1-15% of pregnancies, evidences of fetal sensitization (+ Coombs test) present in -4% only. Symptomatic ABO hemolytic disease occurs in 1%

S/S jaundice, anemia

Kernicterus

¢yellowish discoloration of the basal ganglia due to unconjugated bilirubin

¢bilirubin encephalopathy (opisthotonus, seizure, lethargy, high pitched cry)

¢mortality of 50%, survivors develop choreoathetoid cerebral palsy, sensorineural hearing loss, paralysis of upward gaze

Management

Phototherapy

- UV radiation converts unconjugated bilirubin in the skin into a stereoisomer compound which is water-soluble and can be excreted in the bile.

- may also use bili blankets

- may increase dose by increasing the BSA exposed to light and by moving the lights closer to the infant

- complications includediarrhea, dehydration, skin rash, tanning, bronze baby syndrome, lactose intolerance, skin burns

Guidelines for use of phototherapy in term infants without hemolysisGuidelines for treatment of the term infant with ABO incompatibility

Bili 15mg/dL, age days eval, PT

Bili 18mg/dL, age - days eval, PT

Bili 0-mg/dL, age -4 eval, PT, stop feeding with formula milk

Bili 5mg/dL as above + exchange transfusionPhototherapy if

10mg/dL at 1 hrs

1-14mg/dL at 18 hrs

15mg/dL at 4 hrs

Exchange transfusion

- double-exchange transfusion is necessary in cases of Rh isoimmunization, ABO incompatibility, hereditary spherocytosis.

- serves to decrease bilirubin level acutely by 50%, remove 80% of the sensitized or abnormal RBC and any offending Ab.

- invasive procedure

- 160-00 mL/kg BW or 85cc/kg X

- complications include infection, thromboembolic phenomenon, umbilical and portal vein perforation, acute NEC, arrhythmia and cardiac arrest, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, graft vs host

- mortality in 0.1-0.5%

Induction of UDPGT activity

- Phenobarbital acts on the conjugating enzyme and affects the microsomal hepatocyte activity

Inhibition of heme oxygenase activity

- metalloporphyrins are capable of inhibiting heme oxygenase, thereby blocking the enzymatic process for the formation of bilirubin from heme. Examples are tin protoporphyrin and tin mesoporphyrin

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Diversity Issues in Today's Workplace

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Diversity Issues in Today's Workplace

Today's workplaces have numerous diversity issues that they deal with daily, in order to avoid social barriers, diversities have to be addressed and mediated carefully. The workforce of today is now much more diverse in terms of cultural background, values, language skills, and educational preparation. Individual differences are inextricably intertwined with the environment (work, society, church, etc). Human behavior is too complex to be explained by one sweeping generalization. Different variables determine individual behavior, variables that include abilities and skills, background, and demographic variables. As society places more emphasis on equal opportunity and treatment, many differences are likely to disappear.

Mention the topic of diversity in IT, and most people probably think of the ratio of men to women or the racial makeup of the workforce. Equally important as those issues are the struggle that many companies are having with age diversity. Generational differences can become a big distraction and hurt morale and teamwork, unless IT managers learn how to accommodate the uniqueness of each group. Most often, I see companies trying to construct a workplace based on a single generations expectations of benefits and conditions, and the result is that they alienate at least half of their staffers. Obviously, sweeping generalizations about any generation are dangerous. But, so too is the practice of treating workers in all age groups the same. Companies that are successfully recruiting young talent find that these upstarts have different attitudes, values and points of view. When enterprises try to mix these individuals with workers from different generations, the result is often more like a collision than a meeting of the minds. Most enterprises are an amalgam of the following

a. The Older Generation Born before 146, this is the World War II generation of individuals who rebuilt the global economy with a firm belief in command-and-control leaders and a conviction that success was achieved via a slow, steady climb up the corporate ladder.

b. The Baby Boomers These individuals are mixed regarding work attitudes. Some resist the impact of technology, globalization and downsizing, although most adapt to the new requirements regarding flexibility and entrepreneurial thinking. Baby boomers, born between 146 and 164, generally value inclusion and emphasize process. They have paid their dues and waited their turn for advancement.

c. Generations X and Y Born after 164, these technically savvy individuals view themselves as free agents. They are loyal to themselves and obsessed with skills development. Money is important, but they are comfortable taking financial risks. As children of the post-television era, many are more moved by the visual image than the written word. Fiercely independent, Generation X and Y workers like to be in control and require fast feedback.

With their diverse values and points of view, it isnt surprising that these groups dont always agree on how work should be done. Older generations may seem inflexible to their young counterparts, and the younger members of the staff may seem to lack respect for authority. Frequently, I detect these differences in the complaints of managers who claim that younger workers have unrealistic promotion expectations and are unwilling to stick with something long enough to learn it well. Baby boomer managers are often frustrated by their young subordinates because they are trying to apply the same motivating factors that worked on them, and Generation X and Y workers are uninterested. At the same time, its not uncommon to see relatively inexperienced IT professionals commanding large salary premiums because they have hot skills, often earning more than individuals with more years of experience. Such cases are often viewed as inequitable by those of the baby boomer generation, who place a high premium on paying their dues.

Age diversity is a reality that isnt going away. While baby boomers outnumber Generation X and Y individuals in the workplace today, the population will obviously shift during the next ten to fifteen years. In the meantime, companies must recognize that the workplace cant be driven by the needs and expectations of any one generation. Rather, it must be driven by business realities. Speed, flexibility and innovation are the bellwethers of success today. By creating an organization thats nimble and knowledge-driven, all workers can thrive. There will still be differences between the generations, but the key is to get all workers focused on the goal - rather than their different approaches to meeting that goal. The goal will prove to be the common ground in an age-diverse workforce. For example, the career path for a baby boomer worker and a Generation X worker may be identical, but a manager will have to employ a different coaching process to the individuals. The baby boomer worker is more likely to see the point behind each step along the career path, but the younger worker may be looking for more short-term gratification for a job well done. The manager can satisfy both constituents by being flexible and balancing clearly delegated assignments by giving the workers the freedom and flexibility to produce results in their own way. Finally, an IT managers ability to manage age diversity will be enhanced tenfold if they are willing to spend time getting to know the individuals, and if they consistently provide constructive feedback and kudos for a job well done. Managers who use a one-size-fits-all approach to managing age-diverse workforces will wind up turning off a large portion of their staff. Rather than create a workplace based on the expectations of one generation, managers should strive to get all workers focused on their goals and be flexible enough to let people meet those goals as they see fit.

Today, students question if the high cost of tuition in the long run is worth the investment over entering the workforce as a full time employee. Many low income families at risk might decline investing in higher education, because they have a hard time just making ends meet without thinking of college expenses. I feel college education is something to be valued. College may be expensive, but the price of ignorance is even more costly. Getting a college education takes a lot of time, motivation and commitment, but will pay off for a lifetime. It will make you become a better person.

"Show me the money!" College graduates on the average earn more than high school graduates. According to the Census Bureau, over an adult's working life, high school graduates earn about $1. million, associate's degree graduate earns about $1.6 million and a bachelor's degree graduate earns about $.1 million. By achieving a college degree an individual gets a better job within the rapidly changing world we live in today. College graduates have better job opportunities, are more productive and earn more money than a non-degree individual. According to figures from the U.S Census Bureau show that in 1, average income for a 5 year old male with a bachelor's degree was about $61,000, compared to about $,000 for a male with no college degree. Today 80 percent of students enroll in either a public two year or four year college. The average a full time student pays at a public two year college is about $1,5 per year in tuition and $8,655 at a four year college as a full time student, according to the U.S. Department of Education 00 report.

Compared to high school graduates, college graduates live a better quality of life. Graduates have better access to health care, greater participation in mental activities and are less dependent on government assistance. Society benefits from college-educated individual because their more likely to be employed, they vote and volunteer work for greater community service.

Once you have achieved your degree, it's time to make a change in the world around you. A college education is not all about having money and power, because they won't save your soul. According to Elchanan Cohn and Terry Geske (1), there is the tendency for more highly educated women to spend more time with their children; these women use this time to better prepare their children for the future. Cohn and Geske (1) report that "college graduates appear to have a more optimistic view of their past and future personal progress." Look at what education has done for the United States, we have stimulated from the backwards land of disobedient colonist to the greatest, spiritual and most successful nation in the world. Education is our nation's best defense.

Research has shown that higher education is associated with the substantial earnings in the job market and higher education will become very important for landing high paying jobs in the next century. Although, an investment in a college education may be a financial burden to you right now, the long term benefits will continue to appreciate and grow. A college education investment will give you a higher education, prosperity, quality of life, change and passing on the American dream.

Gender has been a consistent factor when dealing with diversity issues. Title VII, intended to fix discrimination on the basis of sex, and was passed as an amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 164. It serves as an unfortunate insight for how the law would unfold.

There is constant discrimination against women by employers and colleagues, but there is even more discrimination against working and single mothers. The treatment of working mothers in the media mirrors this culture's confusion about women's roles, and echoes society's inability to offer new solutions to career and family predicaments. Women's gender does not render them any less able than men to excel in their chosen profession. They can do their jobs as well as any man. So why, when both men and women make identical decisions concerning work and family, only the women are criticized. Society's customary expectations put no pressure on men to idol as both parent and professional. Why is that? Many women are penalized for their choice to have children, no matter how well they are performing on the job.

Children and careers are not a perfect fit, especially for employers. There are basically two set of rules there is the written rule that technically describes the conditions of employment and there is the unwritten standards of behavior that must be followed in order to become part of the team. As long as women plays by the rules of the game, the doors of career will remain open, but the second they decide to change to a different agenda for combining career with family or even talks of having a family, doors begins to swing shut one by one. There is little real support for parenting issues in the workplace, especially huge organizations.

Single mothers are considered an even bigger risk too many bosses. Without the major support of a significant other they face more obstacles than that of a woman with a spouse or that of a professional working woman. Mark Rednick, president of MRI Sales Consultants in Dallas agrees,

LeClaire (00) said that, "There is plenty of hiring discrimination against single mothers. The hiring person may never voice it or think it, but subconsciously they feel they will have more trouble with a single mother than with other employees."

There is no such term as single working father in society's terminology. Single mothers have a difficult time finding stable employment. They are often paid less and have less opportunity for advancement. A former trial attorney for the U.S. Department of Justice, Lauren Kahn says, that her role as a single parent has brought harsh and discouraging economic realities. "I'm having a terrible time getting a job."(Swiss and Walker, p. 164)

Organizational psychologist and chief executive of The Impact group, Ken Siegel says single working mothers tend to hit the glass ceiling because management perceives them to have limits to how much they can take on. Working mothers should not be forced to have to choose between their careers and their children. Childcare, childhood illnesses, doctor's appointments, and PTA meetings are all of the things that employers use against working mothers when promotions are being considered. There is little sympathy for sick children in the workplace.

There is no fair way to extinguish trade-offs between careers and children. But there are ways to help minimize the possible for conflict between the two, with better results for both the employer and employee. Here a few examples of what some corporations can do to reduce the conflicts

a.Create flextime at all levels of an organization core business hours established for all employees.

b.Compressed workweeks.

c.Parental leave.

d.Telecommuting and working from the home.

e.Lunchtime seminars to share and address concerns of working parents.

f.Regular family-friendly audits to gauge an organization's success in promoting and retaining women, and track the extent to which women and men use parental benefits.

Companies that want to manage their risk prudently must act before a problem occurs. First, companies need a comprehensive, detailed written policy on sexual harassment. The CEO should issue the policy and make it a high priority of the company. Second, they need to distribute this policy to all workers, supervisors, and even some non-employees. A basic policy should set forth the following

a.Express commitment to eradicate and prevent sexual harassment.

b.A definition of sexual harassment including both quid pro quo and hostile work environment.

c.An explanation of penalties (including termination) the employer will impose for substantiated sexual harassment conduct.

d.A detailed outline of the grievance procedure employees should use.

e.Additional resource or contact persons available for consultation.

f.An express commitment to keep all sexual harassment complaints and personnel actions confidential.

To help employees grasp the nature of sexual harassment, companies may want to provide their workers with examples of behavior that they consider inappropriate. Once a company develops a sexual harassment policy, it should circulate it widely. Companies should provide copies not only to newly hired employees, but also to current ones. In addition, companies should post copies throughout office and break areas, issue periodic memos about the policy, and hold informal and formal departmental meetings to discuss the topic. In particular, companies need to train their supervisors to deal with sexual harassment. Even small businesses will find it useful to educate their workers through videos and seminars. Companies may also wish to seek help from an outside consultant.

Despite prudent measures, companies will always face the possibility, if not the probability, that sexual harassment will occur. Consequently, an effective grievance procedure should provide the complainant with alternative routes for reporting harassment. In setting up grievance procedures, a company may want to consider that women lodge the vast majority of sexual harassment complaints, and that the courts have found differences of perception to exist between men and women. As a result, an employer is better protected if a female employee is involved in assessing sexual harassment complaints. That way, female victims may be more willing to come forward, thus enhancing an employers ability to take prompt and effective remedial action. As with any grievance procedure, of course, a company must maintain confidentiality, both for the sake of the victim and the accused.

Even the most comprehensive sexual harassment policies and procedures are bound to fail if a company does not enforce them quickly, consistently, and aggressively. To be effective, companies must take sexual harassment seriously. They need to make certain that personnel responsible for enforcement conduct prompt, thorough, and documented investigations of all complaints, even those that appear trivial. Employers should also keep tabs on their supervisors. This can be accomplished by means of monthly meetings with higher management, unscheduled spot checks, or periodic sexual harassment training sessions. Depending on management style, some businesses may find it useful to survey subordinates about sexual harassment issues, as a way to gauge supervisors' attitudes about the problem. Finally, companies may want to screen annual data on hiring, firing, promotions, and compensation packages for any pattern of overt gender discrimination that may also be occurring. Once a company has received notice of sexual harassment, its liability may be reduced or eliminated depending on how promptly and effectively it responds. Prompt means precisely that under no circumstance should a company delay an investigation of sexual harassment more than a few days. Notably egregious sexual misconduct should be handled immediately. Whatever the situation, a company should take action that is reasonably calculated to end the harassment. Such action must be directed toward the harasser, and may include verbal warnings, written warnings, job transfers, suspension of employment, and if necessary, termination. A company should also be careful not to allow too much time to elapse before achieving a satisfactory resolution of the harassment. Once matters have been brought under control, a company should continue to monitor the situation to ensure compliance. Toward this end, follow-up interviews with all parties and witnesses are highly recommended. When claims of sexual harassment cannot be substantiated, an employer should still take the opportunity to reemphasize to employees that sexual harassment will not be tolerated.

Desiderato, L. L., Totten, W. J., Ley, D. R., & Meisenheimer, M. (00). Assessing student perspectives on the value of a college education. Academic Exchange Quarterly, (Vol.6, issue 4, p14 (8).

LeClair, J. (00). Single Parents Fight a Label Productivity Risk. Retrieved on Oct 1, 00 from http//www.csmonitor.com/00/00/P16S01-wmwo.html

Parish, J. (001). The Value of a College Education. Retrieved October 17, 00, from http//www.acu.edu/admissions/ugrad/yei/ed-value.html

Porter, K. (00). The Value of a College Degree. ERIC Digest. Retrieved October 17, 00, from http//www.ericfacility.net/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed47008.html

Oreen, S. (00). Workplace Discrimination. Retrieved October 0, 00, from www.oreenscott.com/workplace-age-discrimination.htm

Swiff, D. J., & Walker, J. P. (1). Women and the work family dilemma How

Todays Professional Women are Finding Solutions. New York John Wiley &

Sons.

Retrieved October 0, 00, from http//www.workplacemoxie.com/Taxes-and-UncleSam/taUS-Age-in-the-Work-Place.shtml

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The alteration of reality in Errol Morris' The Thin Blue Line

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In 188 Errol Morris released the Thin Blue Line, a provocative documentary that indirectly pushes the audience to question the relationship that exists between objectivity and justice in the face of an overtly bureaucratic and biased legal system. Morris orchestrates an overarching film that explores the innocence of one falsely convicted murder suspect, Randall Adams, without ever directly commenting on his guilt or innocence (remarkably the film avoids voice-over narration completely). The film takes bold and innovative steps in the territory of re-enactment and staging, venturing beyond the confines of traditional documentary into a story-cum-dreamscape. The result is a movie that was denied entry into the documentary category at the 188 Academy Awards, yet displayed a level of persuasiveness that eventually led to Randall Adams retrial and release from prison.

Although Errol Morris subterfuges a direct opinion about the case on screen, there is no doubt that he is representing Randall Adams side and a great deal of the movies power stems from the directors restraint to explicitly state the films judgement. It would be extraneous for Morris to openly authorize his objective; his film is carved, edited and manipulated into such a finely tuned argument, that the final conclusion stands strong, concise, and significantly fresh as is. The Thin Blue Line is a story that exposes the mistaken conviction of Randall Adams and substantially more; implied is the dissection and dissertation of the nature of objectivity in justice. The film is a medley of ambiguities, conflicting opinions, and surreal repetition that brings into question the subjectivity of truth. Morris is not only campaigning for Randall Adams, he is defending the role of justice that seems to exist within a faulty system of impartiality. The Thin Blue Line advocates Randalls innocence by going beyond the debatable facts of the case and into the poetics of persuasion. Morris does this with three abstract yet overall convincing techniques, which include the use of malleable re-enactment, an iconoclastic and unsettling manipulation of editing and sound, and thought provoking devices of the absurd.

The Thin Blue Line was originally set apart from its documentary predecessors because of the films use of dreamlike sequences that highlighted the ambiguity of memory. Interjected throughout the movie is the repeatedly staged murder scenario. However, each time the scene is played differences begin to emerge as each witness in the case supplies his or her own version of what happened the night of murder. In the spirit of Akira Kurasowas Roshomon, each character in the movie supplies different and often conflicting details that make any attempt at reconstruction essentially futile. The product comes off like a bad dream in which no matter how hard one strain for a solution, the outcome is always murder and mystery. The recurrence of the same scene contending for veridicality essentially nulls the audiences trust both in the witnesses telling the story and in Errol Morris who is directing the story.

In one of the films more poetic reenactments, Morris shoots a scene where the female police officer throws a pink colored milkshake out the window of the squad car in slow motion. Due to the intentionally prolonged shot of what seems to be a trivial part of the murder case, coupled with the strong visual presence that the pink fluid has against the black back drop, the scene resonates especially strong. Yet, almost directly ensuing the milkshake shot, Morris includes a drawn police diagram of the murder scene that clearly labels the milkshake the female officer had thrown was of a chocolate (not pink, which is presumably a berry flavor) variety. The incongruity of the flavor of a milkshake may appear to be inconsequential, but Morris is very intentional about such an inclusion. The film bombards the viewer with the ever-changing memory of the female officer, who cannot tell the difference between a Mercury Comet and Ford Vega. But Morris is careful to highlight that she is not the only character whose testimony cannot be trusted; one has to be suspicious even of the director. The reasoning for The Thin Blue Lines ambiguity is to highlight the subjectivity that is present in all documentaries. By calling attention to this inherent characteristic the viewer must assume a responsibility for his or her own conclusions about the movie and not just accept that of the filmmakers, which in the end makes the viewer hold a much stronger stance on the issue being presented.

Errol Morris has obviously taken painstaking exactitude in arranging and ordering his scenes, but he draws specific attention to the decorative aspects of editing and sound in order create a jarring and haunting atmosphere within his film. His use of abstract stills and a positively hallucinogenic original score by Phillip Glass renders an impending and drastic significance to the films subject. No matter how cold and concise the murder may appear, Morris does not want the documentary itself to be clinical in its observation of the crime.

The enlarged newspaper pictures of a wild-eyed Randall Adams that appear numerous times throughout the film capture a sense of the horrific. The pixilated images draw attention to the medium of newspaper replication, which attempts to highlight the notion of murder not as a crime but as a spectacle. The audience must question the fascination culture has with the iconoclastic celebration of murderers. Because Randall Adams is caught on camera with a feral intensity, distilled through the eyes of a newspaper, he is viewed as murderous without having been proven guilty of murder. The viewer must challenge these postmodern notions that have been socially instilled and search for the objective; The Thin Blue Line asserts this is a task that the judicial system is not capable of.

This sense of a Kafka-like conundrum is highlighted by the foreboding music of Phillip Glass, which runs for almost the entire length of the movie. The premonitory atmosphere Glasss music creates could be described as a post-apocalyptic sound, a distinctively minimalist compositional style, consisting of hypnotically repetitious circular rhythms. There is urgency in Morris use of image and sound that compels the viewer to dispute the self-evident facts that are presented in media and particularly in the judicial system as a whole. The minimal yet dramatic music overlaid with the non-contextual images of Randall Adams consistently attempts to suggest that even though a direct solution is not available, the viewer needs to be at least aware of the grave injustice that is being done to Randall Adams and to the cultures unquestioning sense of security in law.

In the techniques that Morris uses there begins to develop a pattern where he draws his audience to question and make assumptions about Randall Adams through consistently making them reposition themselves in the film. He does this quite perceptively with the use of interspersed scenes of what can be termed as the absurd. By drawing out interviews into illogical digressions and splicing them with old stock footage of black & white cinema, Morris is methodically drawing the viewer away from the crime only to lead the viewer back in order to highlight the importance that this is in fact a movie about murder.

The scene in which Emily Miller, who herself is quite an eccentric character, describes her fascination with the Boston Blackie mysteries and how they trained her to have a keen eye for the suspicious is rather bizarre. Juxtaposed with the solemnity that the police and lawyer interviews had, Millers comments are based in fantasy and they are not a part of a logical assessment of the crime committed. Augmented with the fact that Morris cuts in frantic clips of the Boston Blackie show itself (impeccably companioned with the surreal music of Glass), there is a distinct displacement in the films tone and course of events. This serves the purpose of continually making the viewer readjust back to the films main subject, which intrinsically also demands a reassessment on the presented murder case; similar to remembering one's place in a book after a brief interruption.

Another example of anomalous scene selection is Morris extended shot of a drive-in movie theater (Beer-drinking movies according to Adams) showing the soft-core pornography film Swinging Cheerleaders. Morris did not simply show a shot of a drive-in or have Adams state the nature and name of the feature, he selects an almost two minute long passage from the movie (including a sex scene) being screened from the back of the theater. By showing a movie being watched within a movie he utilizing a reflexive device that reminds the viewer they themselves are watching and assessing The Thin Blue Line. These individual selections that seem to be irrelevant to the films topic serve as a synopsis of the absurdity of the film as a whole. In an almost existential platform, these tangential scenes represent the illogicality of a justice system that appears to be prosecuting Randall Adams in light of all the contradicting evidence that he did not commit the crime.

The Thin Blue Line is not a movie that espouses a heros plight to absolve himself from tyrannical persecution. This is not the story of an African American being arrested for the color of skin, or Jew being imprisoned for religious beliefs. It is the story of a character that the viewer is not expected to relate with; Randall Adams is a drifter and drug-user that questionably was in the wrong place at the wrong time. While Morris goes at length to show the impossibility of objectivity in a judicial system run by a mass of individuals all with different agendas, he is careful not to abandon the film in pure nihilism. The final scene, arguably the most disturbing, is a mechanical cold tape recorder playing David Harris confession to the murder. The only part in the movie to use subtitles, Harris remorselessly, in a distorted filtered voice, explains that the wrong man is in prison for murder. The use of written subtext and the image of a tape recorder (which suggests a type of rigidity, a statement that can not be altered) signify the fact that despite the entire subjective narrative the truth is out there. The viewer, who most likely presumed Adams innocence before the actual confession without the explicit confirmation of Morris, is in the end rewarded with a concrete conclusion about the murder case.

By untraditionally eschewing narration and applying rhetorical, if not abstract, techniques usually reserved for fiction films, The Thin Blue Line powerfully represented Randall Adams innocence and exposed the flaws in the present judicial system. However, there is not a sense of vindication at the end of the film, David Harris is on death row for an entirely different murder and Adams is still in prison (ignoring the fact that he was later released, which for the direct implications of this film is irrelevant). Morris does not present solutions, but hints at the greater nature of the problem. There appears to be an underlying fallibility in mans ability to exact justice. What Morris is suspicious of, David Harris chillingly describes in his confession, If it werent for bad luck, [Randall Adams] wouldnt have any. The Thin Blue Line flitters with the notion that in the absence (and perhaps impossibility) of an impartial judicial system, perchance it is fate that determines ones lot.

Please note that this sample paper on The alteration of reality in Errol Morris' The Thin Blue Line is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The alteration of reality in Errol Morris' The Thin Blue Line, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The alteration of reality in Errol Morris' The Thin Blue Line will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Henry Moore

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"I think I was probably about eleven when I first decided I wanted to be a sculptor. I remember quite clearly the instant. As a boy, at school, I liked the art lessons, I liked drawing. I used to get my elder brother to draw horses and other things for me from as early as I can remember" (The Documents of 0th Century Art, Philip James, 1).

Henry Moore was born on July 0, 188 in the small coal-mining town of Castleford, Yorkshire. His father, Henry, supported his large family as a miner (Henry was the seventh of eight other siblings and his mother, Mary, spent her time taking care of the family). Moore had a humble upbringing but was still determined to become an artist from a very young age.

Henry Moore attended his local elementary school, and at age 1. It was then that he received his first real honor, a free place in the secondary school. He had tremendous support from the art teacher, Miss Alice Gostick. She sensed his talent and yearning to learn more, she was also a huge influence on his excitement for medieval sculpture. He then became a teacher at his elementary school at age 18, absorbing everything he came across in the way of art. Henry Moore's father's great-grandfather had emigrated from Ireland, perhaps the driving influence on his Irish-Anglo-Saxon art style. In September of 11, Moore received a grant that allowed him to study at the Leed's School of Art for two years. Moore stated that he learned nothing from his teachers there, but he spent the entire year drawing from the models and plaster casts. This year was influential in that he was able to truly focus on his art, since he felt he was learning nothing from his art professors. While he was at Leeds, he came across a book by Roger Fry, called "Vision and Design." This book inspired Moore because it was unlike any other writing on art he had previously read. Moore was extremely enthusiastic about finding this book because it gave him a new understanding of art. Fry's book no doubt enhanced Moore's artistic abilities in that he gained new knowledge on how to research and gain a new understanding of art. Moore went on to win a competition in 1, where he was able to change schools to the Leeds School of Art for the Royal College of Art (his current attendance at the Leed's school was not beneficial due to his lack of learning, in his eyes). At this new school, he encountered good teachers, speaking of Leon Underwood with great gratitude. In 14 Moore was awarded the Royal College of Art Traveling scholarship. In 16, Moore traveled on a scholarship to Paris, Rome, Florence, Venice, and Ravenna. There he was able to physically see the spot impressions he received on his visits to the London museums. He was truly inspired by the British Museums with its many collections of ancient Greek, Oriental, and pre-Colombian sculpture. "An'inner necessity' directed and guided Moore, on his visits to the British Museum, to the ancient and mythological" (The Art of Henry Moore, Will Grohmann, 17). 18 marks a turning point in Moore's career; his remarkable talent was finally being recognized, this year marks the time in Moore's life that made him truly happy because he was gaining recognition as a respectable artist. Moore received his first public commission to produce a relief for Charles Holdens new London Transport headquarters above St Jamess Park

entire year drawing from the models and plaster casts. This year was influential in that he was able to truly focus on his art, since he felt he was learning nothing from his art professors. While he was at Leeds, he came across a book by Roger Fry, called "Vision and Design." This book inspired Moore because it was unlike any other writing on art he had previously read. Moore was extremely enthusiastic about finding this book because it gave him a new understanding of art. Fry's book no doubt enhanced Moore's artistic abilities in that he gained new knowledge on how to research and gain a new understanding of art. Moore went on to win a competition in 1, where he was able to change schools to the Leeds School of Art for the Royal College of Art (his current attendance at the Leed's school was not beneficial due to his lack of learning, in his eyes). At this new school, he encountered good teachers, speaking of Leon Underwood with great gratitude. In 14 Moore was awarded the Royal College of Art Traveling scholarship. In 16, Moore traveled on a scholarship to Paris, Rome, Florence, Venice, and Ravenna. There he was able to physically see the spot impressions he received on his visits to the London museums. He was truly inspired by the British Museums with its many collections of ancient Greek, Oriental, and pre-Colombian sculpture. "An'inner necessity' directed and guided Moore, on his visits to the British Museum, to the ancient and mythological" (The Art of Henry Moore, Will Grohmann, 17). 18 marks a turning point in Moore's career; his remarkable talent was finally being recognized, this year marks the time in Moore's life that made him truly happy because he was gaining recognition as a respectable artist. Moore received his first public commission to produce a relief for Charles Holdens new London Transport headquarters above St Jamess Park Underground Station. With the West Wind Relief in Portland stone, his first effort to make public art, Moore was finally able to conceive his developing ideas on a monumental scale. In the same year Moore had his first one-man exhibition in the Warren Gallery in London, and it was followed by a second show at the Leicester Galleries in 11. From the 11 exhibition came the first sale to a gallery abroad, and in the same year he exhibited three works in the Plastik exhibition in Zurich. Before Moore had left for his trip to Italy he had accepted a seven-year appointment as a

Sculpture instructor at the RCA, a post that in return for two days teaching a week gave him enough to live on and develop his own work. It was there that he met his future wife, Irina Radetsky, a painting student at the college. Henry and Irina married in 1 and moved to the town of Hampstead. They became friends with many aspiring young artists and writers, including Barbara Hepworth, Ben Nicholson, Naum Gabo and Herbert Read. Each aspiring artist and writer was influenced by Moore, and had his or her influence on him as well. Henry moved from the RCA in 1 and began teaching as a first head of the department of sculpture at the Chelsea School of Art. Between 10-15, he was elected to the Seven and Five Society, a society which originally consisted of seven painters and five sculptors. By 14 the societys general meeting was attended by Moore, Hepworth, Nicholson (whom was a dear friend to Henry), Piper, amongst others, and the- new name seven and five abstract group was proposed. Moore exhibited in the last exhibition of the Seven and Five at Zwemmer Gallery in 15. In 1 Paul Nash founded Unit One, which again included Moore. Also that year the book "Unit One - the modern movement in English architecture, painting and sculpture", edited by Herbert Read was published. In 14 Moore contributed to the Unit One exhibition at the Mayor Gallery in London. Henry was becoming an established name and as early as 14 there was the first monograph on Moores work by Herbert Read, published by Zwemmer, London.

"The logic and consistency of Moore's development will become more evident if we briefly sketch the main ideas advanced in his earlier writings. We can do so all the

more readily because Moore is no theorist and writes nothing that had not experienced in his work and checked a hundred times. He writes only of his own aims and avoids discussing the ideas and productions of his contemporaries" (Grohmann, 0). Moore will not write anything unless he is certain it holds validity, only after he cross-examines it to be the truth.

"For him, (Moore) perfection in sculpture means to evolve the perfect idiom for each composition. It is almost easier to see the unity in Moore's work than to understand his development" (Wilkinson, 8). According to Moore, a stone carving must merely look like stone. To make a carving look like a being of flesh and blood is merely slight of hand. Moore believes that a sculptor must work directly in his materials and only then can it play its part in molding his ideas. Henry stresses that work must be three-dimensional if the artist wants it to be a genuine sculpture. He stated, "The desire for form completely realized is connected with asymmetry…Asymmetry is connected also with the desire for the organic (which I have) rather than the geometric. Organic forms, though they may be symmetrical in their main disposition, in their reaction to the environment, growth and gravity, lose their perfect symmetry." (Henry Moore Writings Herbert Read was published. In 14 Moore contributed to the Unit One exhibition at the Mayor Gallery in London. Henry was becoming an established name and as early as 14 there was the first monograph on Moores work by Herbert Read, published by Zwemmer, London.

"The logic and consistency of Moore's development will become more evident if we briefly sketch the main ideas advanced in his earlier writings. We can do so all the

more readily because Moore is no theorist and writes nothing that had not experienced in his work and checked a hundred times. He writes only of his own aims and avoids discussing the ideas and productions of his contemporaries" (Grohmann, 0). Moore will not write anything unless he is certain it holds validity, only after he cross-examines it to be the truth.

"For him, (Moore) perfection in sculpture means to evolve the perfect idiom for each composition. It is almost easier to see the unity in Moore's work than to understand his development" (Wilkinson, 8). According to Moore, a stone carving must merely look like stone. To make a carving look like a being of flesh and blood is merely slight of hand. Moore believes that a sculptor must work directly in his materials and only then can it play its part in molding his ideas. Henry stresses that work must be three-dimensional if the artist wants it to be a genuine sculpture. He stated, "The desire for form completely realized is connected with asymmetry…Asymmetry is connected also with the desire for the organic (which I have) rather than the geometric. Organic forms, though they may be symmetrical in their main disposition, in their reaction to the environment, growth and gravity, lose their perfect symmetry." (Henry Moore Writings Herbert Read was published. In 14 Moore contributed to the Unit One exhibition at the Mayor Gallery in London. Henry was becoming an established name and as early as 14 there was the first monograph on Moores work by Herbert Read, published by Zwemmer, London.

"The logic and consistency of Moore's development will become more evident if we briefly sketch the main ideas advanced in his earlier writings. We can do so all the

more readily because Moore is no theorist and writes nothing that had not experienced in his work and checked a hundred times. He writes only of his own aims and avoids discussing the ideas and productions of his contemporaries" (Grohmann, 0). Moore will not write anything unless he is certain it holds validity, only after he cross-examines it to be the truth.

"For him, (Moore) perfection in sculpture means to evolve the perfect idiom for each composition. It is almost easier to see the unity in Moore's work than to understand his development" (Wilkinson, 8). According to Moore, a stone carving must merely look like stone. To make a carving look like a being of flesh and blood is merely slight of hand. Moore believes that a sculptor must work directly in his materials and only then can it play its part in molding his ideas. Henry stresses that work must be three-dimensional if the artist wants it to be a genuine sculpture. He stated, "The desire for form completely realized is connected with asymmetry…Asymmetry is connected also with the desire for the organic (which I have) rather than the geometric. Organic forms, though they may be symmetrical in their main disposition, in their reaction to the environment, growth and gravity, lose their perfect symmetry." (Henry Moore Writings and Conversations, Wilkinson, 167). Moore acknowledges that inspiration itself comes in the first place from nature. He goes on to state that nature reached the fundamentals such as balance, rhythm, organic growth, attraction and repulsion, harmony and contrast. He believes that appearance in only part of the whole and stresses the importance of the invisible, that which cannot be seen by the naked eye. He said that the eyes can easily see the physical, but it is what cannot be seen is the most influential. More also said in a speech in Venice in 15, " The public has no natural relationship to art and expects from it a confirmation of its notions of social, spiritual and artistic ideality, most of which amount in practice to a majority decision reached without any good grounds.

Moore received increasingly prestigious commissions abroad, including the monumental Reclining Figure 157-58 in Roman travertine marble for the UNESCO headquarters in Paris and at home, the abstract Knife Edge Two Piece 16 in bronze which stands outside the Houses of Parliament in London. In this congress meeting

organized by UNESCO, Moore gave a speech, stating that, "Some become sculptors because they like using their hands, or because they love particular materials, wood or

stone, clay or metal, and like working in these materials - that is, they like the craft of sculpture - I do." He became an icon for post-war Britain, something of a national institution with everyone wanting a work by Henry Moore. From the 150s onwards, with a huge increase in commissions, Moore produced much larger sculptures, and employed assistants including Anthony Caro, Phillip King, John Farnham, Malcolm Woodward, and Michel Muller to help him. Moore speaks of this time in his life that he was the happiest, having enough money and commissions to fully explore his artistic side, unabridged. The scale and quantity of his work grew and grew; in total there are about 1 sculptures, 5500 drawings and 717 graphics. Moore is now a recognized member of the art community.

Henry Moore kept distance from his fellow artists. He neither proclaimed nor criticized others' works. Moore tried to stay neutral when it came to others, and never

truly gave any credit to other artists; he wanted to have his own style and credit for his work. More said in a speech in Venice in 15, " The public has no natural relationship to art and expects from it a confirmation of its notions of social, spiritual and artistic ideality, most of which amount in practice to a majority decision reached without any good grounds.

Henry Moore died at the age of eighty-eight on the 1st of August 186 and the press, which had been so hard on him in his early years as a sculptor, now praised his great achievements. "Since the death of Sir Winston Churchill, Henry Moore has been the most internationally acclaimed of Englishmen, honoured by every civilized country in the world" (James, 17). Henry Moore left an impact on the world of art that was truly amazing. He was able to portray his feelings and emotions through his art and sculptures, something later artists can only hope to mimic. Moore introduced a new style of sculpting that utilized the use of shape, balance, and rhythm, something that had never been done before in the artistic community. He left a lasting impression in sculpting that will never be forgotten.

Grohmann, Will. The Art of Henry Moore. (New York, Thames and Hudson, 160).

James, Philip. The Documents of Twentieth-Century Art. (New York, The Viking Press, 171).

Wilkinson, Alan. Henry Moore Writings and Conversations. (Los Angeles, Berkeley, University of California Press, 00).

Please note that this sample paper on Henry Moore is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Henry Moore, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Henry Moore will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Unilateral Economic Sanctions

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Introduction

From 1 to 16, sixty-one U.S. laws and executive actions were enacted authorizing unilateral economic sanctions for foreign-policy purposes. These sanctions were imposed on thirty-five countries. In 17, seventy-five countries were affected by U.S. imposed sanctions affecting not only the targeted country but U.S. commerce and consumers.

Unilateral sanctions can be defined as the applications of sanctions imposed by one country on another, for example U.S. trade with Cuba. Multilateral sanctions are those imposed upon a target country by the U.S. and its allies. "An economic sanction is defined as a restriction on normal commercial relations with the targeted country. This basically involves restrictions on trade, investment and other cross-border economic activities." (Preeg)

The effectiveness of unilateral sanctions and economic incentives, imposed or offered, by the U.S. on foreign governments to persuade the target government to follow western cultural norms is a highly debated topic. The conventional theory about how sanctions are suppose to work assumes that political change is directly proportional to economic hardship. The greater the pain caused by sanctions the higher the probability of political compliance. (Preeg)

Economic Hardship vs. Political Change

Religious persecution, authoritarian governments that are predisposed to violence and human rights are the root cause for sanctions. They are designed to limit the availability of goods, foods, weapons and financial resources in the hopes that the economic hardship will be enough to persuade either a change of heart in the political powers, or bring an uprising in the masses that will allow for political reform. "The conventional theory about how sanctions are suppose to work assumes that political change is directly proportional to economic hardship, the higher the probability of political compliance." (Lopez) However, sanctions imposed upon a country, like Cuba, can prove to have a dramatic negative effect on the citizens of the country, without ever persuading change in political power and policy. The affect of decreased trade and the economic impact of sanctions can bring a lower standard of living and reduced access to medical care in the general population, while government officials often go unaffected. According to George Lopez, economic sanctions may actually strengthen a target regime and generate a "rally-round-the-flag" effect, thereby redirecting the hardships onto isolated or repressed social groups while insulating those in power.

The Cost of Freedom

Often well intentioned, the unilateral effort of the United States government comes at a monetary and character cost. "When we act unilaterally, we damage relationships with our closest friends and allies … and weaken our ability over the long run to protect and promote our interests." (Beyond Unilateral Economic Sanctions) There is often sufficient reason for the U.S. to police the activities of foreign nations, the government needs to be cautious when they act unilaterally, because without the support of other nations, both large and small, trade with U.S. firms will cease, and other non-participatory countries will fill the trade gap. In 180 the U.S. imposed a grain embargo against the Soviet Union. The Soviet grain embargo cost the United States about $.8 billion in lost U.S. farm exports and U.S. government compensation to American farmers. When the United States cut off sales of wheat to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, other suppliers -- France, Canada, Australia and Argentina -- stepped in. They expanded their sales to the Soviet Union, ensuring that U.S. sanctions had virtually no economic impact. Russia still appears to restrict purchases of American wheat, fearing the United States may again use food exports as a foreign policy weapon. (American Farm Bureau Federation) The Institute for International Economics estimates that unilateral economic sanctions cost the United States $15-1 billion in lost U.S. exports in 15. This translates into the loss of more than 00,000 American export-related jobs. A 14 Council on Competitiveness report found that eight recent unilateral sanctions episodes cost the U.S. economy $6 billion in annual sales and 10,000 export related jobs. (American Farm Bureau Federation) Sanctions in the thirty-five targeted countries represent . billion potential consumers, and $70 billion worth of export goods and services.

Inherent Problems with Sanctions

When considering imposing sanctions against another country, our government needs to consider the negative repercussions of the sanction and weigh out the true cost. According to Ernest Preeg, there are six inherent downsides that must be taken into account. They are as follows

1.The adverse economic impact of sanctions is likely to fall predominantly on the people in the targeted country, especially the poorest, while an authoritarian government tends to become even more repressive.

.Unilateral sanctions, in any event, inflict relatively modest economic pain on the target country compared with multilateral sanctions, while adversely affecting U.S. commercial interests.

.Domestic political pressures build to extend U.S. unilateral sanctions to third countries, creating problems with friends and allies.

4.Sanctions are used as propaganda by target county governments to blame internal economic problems on the sanctions and to appeal to anti=American nationalism.

5.Adverse impact on other U.S. foreign policy interests and on the U.S. leadership role.

6.The loss of U.S. private sector engagement in the target country as a positive force for political as well as economic change.

Dangling Carrots

"Carrots" are incentives that the government uses to attempt to persuade political forces back to the middle, without imposing trade restrictions or using military force. The use of incentives is already widely used to entice countries to trade freely with the U.S. and other nations. These incentives come in many forms, military support, cheap interest rates, infrastructure development, humanitarian aid etc., but aid in economic development is usually the most popular and effective. "The most successful incentives strategies are those that are focused on a single objective and consistently sustained over time. When there are multiple or conflicting objectives the inducement process is likely to be confused and ineffective." (Lopez) Incentives can be either conditional or unconditional. Their effectiveness depends on the credibility of both parties to live up to their obligations.

Conclusion

Although sanctions do not have a "cost" associated with them, the cost to commerce and consumers is very high. The actual good done through the implementation of unilateral sanctions is debatable. When governments set out on their own to change policy or power within another county, the affects of a sanction are minimized because their market allows another country to step in and increase their trade. The U.S. government needs to decrease the number of unilateral sanctions that it is imposing, and seek multilateral support for its cause. At times when the U.S. government must stand alone on an issue the use of incentives not sanctions must be evaluated to achieve the desired results without hurting commerce.

Please note that this sample paper on Unilateral Economic Sanctions is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Unilateral Economic Sanctions, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Unilateral Economic Sanctions will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Why corporate responsibility to stakeholders affects higher stock valuation?

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The genius of capitalism is to pacify a destructive human characteristic, greed, into benign self-interest, something we know as "incentive.

James A. Baker, former American Secretary of State

1. INTRODUCTION

The topic and aim of this essay is to explain why corporate responsibility to stakeholders affects higher stock valuation?

In the aftermath of corporate scandals such as Enron and Tyco it has become crystal clear how important corporate responsibility to stakeholders is. These two companies are the prime examples of what happens when management and board of directors do not act responsibly but act only to maximise their personal interests. As a consequence of disregard of stakeholders' rights, we have today a crisis of confidence in thev way public companies do business.

In order to understand the impact of corporate responsibility on stock value, let us first define the most important roles to be played in company's daily operations by most important stakeholders management, shareholders and board of directors. Who is responsible to whom and whether their interests and responsibilities can come in conflict affecting the overall value of an enterprise?

Finally, this work will be focused on American public companies due to availability of data and fact that this business model is still the most efficient and transparent one in the modern world. Analysing and comparing case studies of Enron, Tyco and top S&P performing companies authors will be able to prove why corporate responsibility makes or breaks the company and affects its stock valuation.

. THE MAIN PROTAGONISTS AND THEIR ROLES

In theory , the American business model focuses on the shareholder value and profits as the main target and main corporate responsibility. The interests of other stakeholders are on the second place. The most important stakeholders in this model are

·The board of directors, whose duties are

-To select a Chief Executive Officer

-To decide on his/her compensation

-To oversee/evaluate functioning of CEO and senior management on a day-to-day basis

·The CEO and senior management, have following responsibilities

-To manage the corporation in an effective and legal manner in order to produce value for stockholders

-To produce and disclose financial statements that fairly presents the financial condition and results of operations of the company

-To devise a strategy and identify and manage risks

·Investors, whose main interest is that their investment in the company brings more return then other available opportunities on the market

So, after defining the roles of the main protagonists, we can presume that for a company to function properly the relationship of the management and the board with stockholders must be characterised by openness and relationship with employees and public by fairness. According to Monks and Minnow (15) corporate responsibility to stakeholders should stand for "a tendency towards a decent, fair and reliable direction…to do the right things and to do the things right. Yet in practice, the central problem is the question of greed and power. In the 10s we went from "greed is good" being said as a joke, to people thinking that "greed is good" as a fundamental fact .

For instance, the CEO / management moral conflict is between personal rewards & company results. Their compensation package is in most firms tied to short-term results (no matter how reached). This creates pressure to use aggressive accounting in order to meet the investors focus on earnings growth. Meeting these targets increases share price and consequently management gets the reward at the end of year. According to A. Zaleznik the board of directors is no better either . The members of the board feel that if they question or stop the actions of successful CEO, they will either lose their job or the CEO. So, in order to avoid uncertainty there is a desire to maintain stability at any costs. Yet, as we will see later on from our case studies and analysis of S&P data this is the wrong way, which does not stop the cycle of greed. Thus, the hypothesis that only responsible corporate actions toward stakeholders will be rewarded with higher stock value in the short as well as long term.

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African American Writers

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African American Writers

Phillis Wheatly was one of the most known poets of her day. She was kidnapped when she was seven years old, and brought to America, where she started her writings. The first time she got her writings published, she got 1 of her poems on various moral and religious ideas out to the readers. She is known as ignoring the black experiences in her writings showing nothing to tell about her experiences and the unfairness growing up as a slave.

Most writers could not get over their experiences when choosing to write pieces. They all try to show the unfairness that has happened to them as they were growing up and doing things, and why that happened to them... their skin color, social status, etc etc… Most people criticize Wheatly for "covering up" her past, and not showing how hard it was, or what happened to her in her poems. Only one line was shown in her poems that might indicate injustice to her.

While most people criticized for her for this. More people should look deeper into her poems, and respect her more, for not showing injustice, and looking past what happened to her while she wrote. It's easy for anyone to tell the misfortunes that happened to them, while on the other hand, it's very difficult to ignore those facts, and write what you want to express to the writer without all the partial views.

Wheatley should be less criticized for her work, glossing over the experiences of being Black. It shows me what a person can ignore, no matter what has happened to them.

Please note that this sample paper on African American Writers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on African American Writers, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on African American Writers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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