The Role of labor

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The Role of Labo.

In the latter part of the nineteenth century the United States experienced rapid industrial growth. While the captains of industry accumulated huge amounts of wealth, the workers who toiled in their factories experienced no real rise of standard of living. Factory workers faced dangerous conditions, long work days, low pay and little or no control over the fate of their jobs. Children and women were exploited; women earned less than men for the same work, and children worked long hard days in the nations factories and fields. In response to these terrible conditions many workers attempted to unionize.

The first attempt to create a national union was the Knights of Labor. Membership to the Knights of Labor was open to anyone who "toiled", this included all workers, virtually all women, and most business and professional people. The only people who were excluded were lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers, and professional gamblers. With such a broad base the Knights of Labor were able to claim a membership of 700,000 in 1886. The broad base also made the Knights loosely organized, lacking a central direction. The organization championed the eight hour work day and the abolition of child labor. What they were most interested in was the long range reform of America's economy, away from the "wage system" an towards a "competitive system" were workers controlled a large part of the economy. The Knights of Labor were discredited after a series of failed railroad strike in 1880's.

In 1881 a number of small unions organized into what would become the American Federation of Labor. The AFL was an association of smaller craft unions that represented mainly skilled workers. Under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, the AFL fought for increased wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions. On May 1, 1886 the AFL called for a national strike for a eight hour work day. The same day at a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company someone threw a bomb at police men who had ordered the crowd to disperse. Seven police officers were killed and thirty six others wee injured, the police fired into the crowd killing four more people. The bombing was blamed on a group of eight anarchist. The association with radical groups like anarchist became a constant obstacle for labor groups in the 180's.

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A division of the AFL was the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. The Amalgamated was made up of skilled workers who were in high demand, making them the most powerful trade union in the country. As the methods for steel production changed the power of the Amalgamated began to waiver. In an attempt to completely destroy the unions power Andrew Carnagie repeatedly cut wages at the last foothold of Amalgamated, the Homestead plant near Pittsburgh. When the company began even discussing wage cuts with the union, the Amalgamated called for a strike. The factory was shut down and 00 guard from the Pinkerton Detective Agency were brought in to break up the strike. As the Pinkertons approached by the factory by river, the workers set the water on fire and met the strike breakers at the docks. A pitch battle broke out. Three guards and ten strike workers were killed, the Pinkertons surrendered and were escorted out of the factory. Then the governor of Pennsylvania sent in the national guard, strike breakers now had protection, and production resumed at the factory. Four months after the strike began Amalgamated surrendered. After the failed strike membership shrank, and by 100 all of the major steel plants had broken away from the union.

When the Pullman Palace Car Company slashed the wages of its workers by 5 percent without lowering the rent on factory housing, workers went on strike. The American Railway Union, led by Eugene Debs, supported the Pullman workers by refusing to handle Pullman cars and equipment. Within days thousand of railroad workers were on strike and transportation from Chicago to the West coast was paralyzed. President Grover Cleveland called ,000 troops to the Chicago area. A federal court issued an injunction that forced the union to end the strike. When Debs and his associates defied the injunction they were arrested. Federal troops protected the strike breakers and without leadership the strike collapsed.

The efforts of labor in the nineteenth century produced few gains. The Contract Labor Law was abolished, government employees were granted eight hour work days, and some workers compensation was established. The wages of the average industrial worker rose very little, and at the end of the nineteenth century workers had no more power that they had in the 1860's.

Labor failed to achieve its goals for many reasons. The largest union, the AFL, excluded unskilled workers, who mad up the majority of the work force. Divisions in the work force also held back the labor movement. Tensions among the newly arrived immigrant kept labor divided. The continues movement of the population also kept labor weak. Workers often move from town to town and from job to job, making it difficult for them to establish themselves in organizations.

The main reason that the labor movement was largely unsuccessful was the power of the big businesses that they faced. Corporations had vast amounts of wealth and power, and they were willing to remove the efforts of labor if they got in the way of their business goals. Business also had the support of government, which was willing to send troops to stop workers uprisings.

While the efforts of the nineteenth century labor movement was not very effective, they did set the stage for the success of labor in the twentieth century. The struggles of the labor movement but the plight of the industrial worker into the national conscience. The support of labor among the population grew, and as this occurred government was forced to step up and protect labor in the twentieth century. In the twentieth century the power of large corporations waned and their support from government eroded. The descendants of workers who immigrated to the U.S. in the nineteenth century increasingly saw themselves as Americans in the twentieth century, ending much of the ethnic divisions that plagued the labor movement in the nineteenth century. Labor was able to take advantage of the new industrial environment and gain many of their objectives that they had fought so hard for in the nineteenth century, in the twentieth century..

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Stress

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Introductio. In the following project I will try to discuss some of the many forms of stress from mild stress which effect everyone to long term stresses which affect some people. I will also discuss some of the effects stress has on different people and some of the side effects of stress. In the last part of this project I will discuss stress management and some of the ways we can relieve stress in the workplace.Main Bod. We all need a certain amount of stress in our lives. No stress can be almost just as unhealthy as to much stress. Just the right amount of stress in our lives can be healthy because it keeps us motivated. As soon as someone mentions the word stress most people think of it in negative terms but I think that without stress peoples lives would become dull and boring.

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Stress management is something people are starting to take a lot more seriously. This teaches us how to control our stress and try to keep it at a level that is healthy and keeps us motivated. It is important to note that stress is not only generated in the workplace but also it can be caused by your home life. In the following essay I would like to look at some types of stress and there effects on people.Mild stres. Mild stress is a common type of stress. This type of stress is exciting and thrilling in small amounts but too much is exhausting. This type of stress could be caused by roller coaster rides or by giving speeches when your not used to public speaking. Overdoing it on this type of stress can lead to tension headaches, upset stomachs, fast breathing and a dry mouth and throat. Mild stress does not last long enough to do the damage associated with long term stress.Individual stres. Some people can become addicted to this type of stress as this type of stress can often give an adrenalin rush. It can be caused by sometimes leaving workloads to the last minute to create a so-called " dead line rush". People suffering from this type of stress are most of the time disorderly and they are always in a state of chaos and crisis. They are always in a hurry to some meeting and nine times out of ten they are always late. Some of the symptoms of this type of stress can be hypertension, chest pain, migraine headaches and heart disease.Job stres. As we all know our jobs can cause a lot of stress. One of the main causes of stress in my workplace was I always had to fight with upper management for resources to get my job done. It was always a constant struggle to get the help I needed to get tasks done on time. Regular consultation with my superiors finally seems to have had a good effect with this situation and all my frustrations with this part of my job seems to have disappeared. While I was in this struggle with upper management I used to get really tense, suffer from headaches, dread going to work each morning and snap at people for no reason. But by working with management and sorting out this part of my job I now find that I look forward to going to work each morning, rarely get headaches and cannot remember the last time I had a falling out with somebody in work.Long-term stres. Long-term stress is a type of stress that grinds people down day by day month-by-month. It can destroy minds, bodies and lives. Those suffering from long-term stress are often people who are stuck in a horrible situation and do not see any way out of it. Long-term stress is a dangerous stress to be under with some sufferers getting symptoms such as heart attacks, strokes and even suicide. The symptoms of long-term stress could be hard to treat and could require a lot of medical treatment and therapy.Traumatic stres. Also known as posttraumatic stress disorder. I first heard about this type of stress by watching documentaries about Vietnam veterans and their experiences in Vietnam. It was noted that a lot of these veterans were complaining about flashbacks, emotional numbness and having extreme emotional outbursts to minor things. While this type of stress has always been around after wars and conflicts for example soldiers returning from World War 1 and were said to be shell-shocked. We now know this was posttraumatic stress disorder. People with traumatic stress can also suffer problems with concentration, controlling impulses and decision-making. In the long term this type of stress can develop into behavioural disorders, depression, multiple personality disorders or even compel a sufferer to commit suicide. While we see a lot of this type of stress in soldiers who have been in combat it does not only affect soldiers. Everyday people can suffer from this type of stress after a traumatic experience such as accidents, a brush with death, death of a loved one and abuse (Sexual or Psychological).Stress level. The level of stress at which we work is important. If you do not suffer some stress in your job you may find it boring and in turn become demotivated. If you have too much stress in your job your performance may suffer because stress related problems are getting in your way. Only you can set your own stress levels to where you work at your most productive.Stress managemen. People will always suffer from stress. The trick to dealing with stress is learning how to control the amount of stress in your life. While more and more companies are sending people on stress management courses to help them deal with stress. There are also little things you can do yourself to help control the stress in your life.Be social Take a few minutes to join in a conversation around the coffee machine, have lunch with a friend, make a few good friends in work and it will feel like a second family.Eat right Focus on healthy meals of fruit and vegetables instead of going to the sweet machines for breakfast and lunch.Exercise Numerous studies have shown that exercise releases endorphins into you body that make you feel happy. So why not skip lunch and go for a walk.Laugh "Laughter is the best medicine". We've all heard this saying before so visit a joke website or find something else that makes you laugh.Listen to music Most companies have background music playing in their warehouses. If yours does not why not log onto your favourite radio station on the web.Personalize your desk Frame photos of loved ones. Hang postcards people send to you. This will remind you that there is life outside of work.Vary your wallpapers Change your PC wallpaper once a week or get a fish aquarium screensaver. It is noted that watching fish swim has a calming effect on people.Play with toys A lot of companies give away free stuff to employees such as stress balls and miniature basketballs and hoops. Why not make good use of these if they are available.Conclusion. From the lecture on stress the biggest I learned is that the main principle in stress management is change. You have to find out what you are doing that is contributing to your stress and change it. I think that these changes fall into four categories change your behaviour, change your thinking, change your lifestyle and/or change the situations you are in..

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Goals In Life

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.Ever since I was a young kid I have always been interested with computers. I.was so curious of how computers work. I remember taking my toys apart to see.how it works. As I grew older I became more and more interested in computers and the technology behind it. I always involved myself with computers early on. I read books and magazines on computers, took apart computers, and try to build them back. As technology improved with information superhighway, I logged on the web. Stayed up for hours and hours searching through web pages and web pages of information about the latest computers and technology..

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I started my elementary school in the San Juan P.R., and then we moved to U.S. and continued my high school education and graduated. Enrolled at the Valencia community college to pursue my college education and received my AS degree. Now I am in the last year at University Phoenix, taking Information Technology. My goal now is to obtain my BS degree from the University of phoenix in Information Technology. Once I receive my BS degree, I plan to continue for my Masters degree. I will strive hard to reach the peak level of my career which is a Professor and hopefully to be an IT professor so can help and share my knowledge and experience to the new students who wish to pursue a Information Technology degree someday. I completed 148 credits from UOP so far. Currently, I have 1 credits left. With my hard work in doing my homework and submitted on time; studied hard and gained higher grades on my tests; I was able to earned a GPA . last semester.When we first move to the U.S. my family as a whole encountered so many.problems. All the sacrifices we encountered and until now we are still struggling to live a better life. Being my mother as the only breadwinner in the family, we suffered so much financially. At one time when my mother lost her job, I had to quit school and find a job so I can help my family. Quitting school was the last thing on my mind, but I had no other choice. I thought this was the end of my education. After doing foul and dead-end jobs I told myself; This is not what I want to do all my life. This was not my Future. I would never give up until I am somebody someday..I still believe that good things happen to those who sacrifice or wait patiently. I became a very strong person and practical. I was too young then for that kind of work but it helped me to have goals in life. It opened my eyes that this would not be the kind of life I want to have. I became motivated to pursue my studies. I promised myself that I will continue my education soon as we get stable, so I can improve our lifestyle and can provide a better life for my mother, my sister and for myself and my own family in the future. I also promised myself that I would never let this happen to my family again..

Then luckily my mother found a better job than before. Financial still not.good, it is a struggle to support my sister and me. Being a single parent its full of sacrifices but Im willing to sacrifice just to get myself back to school. I re-entered school full time and Im planning to continue full time hopefully, until I finish my degree. If I dont finish school and if I dont strive for my very best I would be nothing to this world and will not open new door to my life. In spite of financial hardship, I am proud of myself that I stayed strong and challenge the cruel world I have seen young adults at my age that lost interest in life because of poverty and misfortune, instead they engaged in dangerous activities such alcohol, drugs, gangs and continued to become a headache in the community and society. I want to make my life better and to live with a good quality life in the future. Someday, I will reach my destination in life when I earn my degree and from there it will open up new doors and opportunities with so many good possibilities to offer for my family and me. My mother will be very proud seeing me at the edge of the world very successful...

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How Convincing Is The View That Stalin Simply Took Lenin's Policies To Their Logical Extent?

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Throughout the Communist period in Russia, Lenin was always regarded as almost a Saint. Upon his death, his body was kept in a public tomb on Red Square, and his reputation remained unblemished right up to the time when Communism fell and it was once again legal to criticise the country's leaders. Stalin however, was regarded as evil incarnate, perverting true communism through his mad paranoia into a totalitarian police state. Whilst it is true that Stalin was certainly a harsh leader, there is also evidence suggesting that Stalinism had it's roots in Leninism.-.their policy towards each other.Paragraph - Stalin said he was Lenin's pupi.

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Although Stalin portrayed himself as the loyal disciple of Lenin, using his funeral to enforce this, Lenin himself was shown to be very worried about the rise of Stalin to positions of power within the party. Although near to his death in December 1, Lenin dictated his Testament which was intended to be read at the Twelfth Party Congress in April 1. However, with his stroke on March 10th ending his party life, the letter was kept by Lenin's wife and never read until after his death at the Thirteenth Party Congress in 15 at which the members swore to secrecy fearing that it would split the party. In the testament, Lenin claims "Comrade Stalin, having become general secretary, has unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution". As well as this, Lenin dictated six other letters opposing Stalin's policies until his death in 14. Such a resistance to Stalin's policies make for a significant argument against the two men being alike.General Lenin Vs. Stalin."there is no continuity between Stalinism and Leninism" - Medvedev.Lenin was strongly against tsarist and it's features, whilst Stalin can be seen as in effect a'red tsar' (some people who think this)supreme leader with a god-like personality and cul.the nobility were replaced by the nomenklatura and support was held by patronag.massive bureaucracy - lots of corruptio.Secret police. OGPU then NKVD to monitor all aspects of life. Rooted out opposition to the part.Internal passports controlled population movemen.No free speech - political parties banne.No democracy - although soviets were designed to be more democrati.underpinned by a cult - tsar = orthodoxy, Stalin = Leninism and Marxism. Soviets saw it as their duty to spread these values throughout the world.Nationalism Stalin's'socialism in one country' emphasised the USSR's ability to be communist on it's own - contrary to Marxism and the'world revolution'.tried to be the dominant power and put soviet security above all other priorities.took from the peasants to put into plans for rapid industrialisation. During the Tsars, Witte had many indirect taxes which squeezed the peasants.change lead from above always - The existing order of serfdom cannot remain unchanged. It is better to begin to abolish bondage from above than to wait for the time when it will begin to abolish itself spontaneously from below. - Alex II on the emancipation. Stalin went for industrialisation through the command economy.both believed it was their duty to modernise Russia and keep out opposition and keep it secure. Stalin praised peter the great o the eve of The Great Turn in 1.he believed he was acting in the best interests of the people.Stalin said to his mother on her deathbed "Remember the tsar? Well, I'm like a tsar.", but although he may have deviated from the communist path, that does not necessarily mean he was unlike Lenin.Lenin also had Tsar-like policies.Lenin's ban on faction 11. Once party policy was agreed by the central committee, everyone had to accept it or they would be removed from the party. He did not kill people though.1, nomenklatura system whereby about 5,500 party positions were reserved for those appointed by the party only. It made the regime more authoritarian and less democratic, but meant that people would not question decisions of the central committee. Much like the nobility, although Lenin did intend to increase democracy but died before he was able to.Lenin's Personalit.Professional revolutionary, exiled from Russia many times. Dedicated to the true Marxist society.When the Soviet and the provisional government were co-operating, he arrived back from exile in Finland and immediately brushed aside Chkheidze's polite request for him not to rock the boat with a speech calling for s a world-wide socialist revolution, an immediate end to the war, the end to co-operation with the provisional government and for the Soviet to take power, and land to be given to the peasants. These demands were in the'April thesis', written on the train from Switzerland, and became party policy less than a month after they were written with little opposition."Great organisational abilities", (Corin/Feihn."no one else in the party had the prestige and standing to see them through … difficult periods" - (Corin/Feihn.Flexible and pragmatic - the changes he made to Marxism to produce Marxism-Leninism tailored to Russia. Marx actually said that this is what would happen."His life was the revolution" (Corin/Feihn). He did not want personal gain, and often even slept in a small room behind the offices.Traditionally seen as'soft', but as shown by a memorandum published in 10, he ordered the murder of the clergy who had fought off officials raiding the church and countermanded the politburo when they voted to stop the raids. He also ordered the deaths of hundred kulaks to serve as an example to others.Lenin on Stali.Lenin was worried by Stalin (Lenin's testament) - "Comrade Stalin, having become general secretary, has unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution" Lenin (from the testament.Lenin also dictated other letters which were taken down, and smuggled out of Lenin's room by his secretaries. These letters concerned the following struggles.1 Supporting Trotsky's proposal to invest the State Planning Authority with additional powers. [December 1]. Opposing Stalin's move to weaken the state monopoly on foreign trade, and authorising Trotsky to'stand up for my views on the foreign-trade monopoly'. [December 1]. Opposing Great Russian chauvinism of Stalin in relation to his proposal for "union" of the independent republics in the Russian Federation. [December 1].4 Reduction of the size of the Workers and Peasants Inspection (The'Rabkrin', of which Stalin was the head) [January , 1].5 Better Fewer, But Better. "everyone knows that Rabkrin does not at present enjoy the slightest authority ... nothing can be expected from this People's Commissariat .. " [February 7 1].6 Opposing Stalin's "persecution" of the "Georgian case". [March 5-6 1].This shows that Lenin did not like Stalin's policies and therefore puts forward a strong case for the two's policies not being similar.Terro.Robert Conquest quite justifiably names the period of 16-8 "The Great Terror". "On 1th December 17 alone Molotov and Stalin approved ,167 death sentences and then went to the cinema." These were undertaken totally coldly with no cares whatsoever. Stalin received 8 list of names divided into'military','NKVD','wives of enemies of the people', and'general'. Over 0,000 people were on these lists over Stalin's reign - completely dwarfing the death toll in the Rohm purge of Hitler's Germany.In 1-5, more than 0% of the party were expelled non-violently in a'chistka' as part of a clearing out process after collectivisation. Lenin also did this (eg.Show trials resulted in may prominent Bolshevik's execution.Mass terror in 17-8 when thousands of party officials, industrial leaders, armed forces, and professionals were denounced, arrested and imprisoned. Many executed, even more died in labour camps. Lenin never went this far.Of the 1 Central Committee members at the time of the October 117 Revolution, only Stalin survived. Very difficult to estimate purge casualties, but Robert Conquest estimates the victims as follow.Arrests7-8 millio.Execution10-1.5 millio.Population of camps7-8 millio.‘- Famine7 millio.Total'-50 millio. Wheatcroft and Davies say 10 million between '7 and '8 with 8.5 million of these between 7-6 mostly from famine. Dimitri Volkogonov - 7 million executed, 16.5 million imprisoned between ' and '.Lenin also used terror, particularly under the time of War Communism.Bolsheviks were facing more opposition from the cities because workers were angry at their situation (low food, no money, state violence) Calls for a new soviet, the return of the Constituent Assembly, overthrow of Sovnakom (Council of the People's Commissars - set up so that Lenin did not have to share power with any other than those he chose (like he would have had to with the soviet)). Anarchists who rejected the authoritarianism of Lenin, and left-wing socialist revolutionaries who were against the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.Assassination attempt on Lenin in august 118, German ambassador shot July, head of Cheka captured, resulting in the red terror being carried out by the Cheka in summer 118. But mainly an "intensification of what was already going on" (Corin/Feihn). From June, socialist revolutionaries arrested as well as anarchists and other extreme leftists. All excluded from the soviet.Tsar, family and servants executed. 17th July, 118 in the Ural Mountains. Lenin claimed that it was carried out by the local soviet, but this was probably so as not to antagonise the Germans with whom he was negotiating peace.Official figures put deaths by Cheka at 1,000 but most estimate around 00,000. Still doesn't compare to Stalin. One of the founder members of the Cheka said "The Cheka is not an investigating committee, a court, or a tribunal. It is a fighting organ on the internal front of the civil war … It does not judge, it strikes." It reported directly to Lenin and the Politburo. Very random arrests of'counter-revolutionaries'. Cheka bosses acted like tyrants of their own area, with denunciations resulting from petty arguments.In the country, the Cheka requisitioned grain ruthlessly, leaving peasants starving. The peasants resisted, but Lenin ordered the hanging of "no fewer than a hundred well-known kulaks and make sure the hanging takes place in full view of the people." Another revolt followed with peasants refusing to plant fields. Very poor harvests, thousands arrested - Bolsheviks were at war with the peasants. They set up concentration and labour camps. This shows not only that Lenin was very harsh at times, it also proves that the organs of the Stalinist police state were already in place before Stalin rose to lead the communists.Economics/Industr.War Communism.Civil war caused mass shortages of supplies, and worker committees could not run their factories - may voted themselves massive pay rises and would not allow the management to effectively run the factory. Shortage of consumer goods resulting in inflation so the peasants would not sell their food without good to exchange for it. As well as this, the fertile Ukraine region was outside Bolshevik control. Feb 118, bread ration in Petrograd down to 50 grams per person per day. Food riots, many workers left cities.So Lenin introduced war communis.May 118, a'Food Supplies Dictatorship' set up to forcibly requisition grain from peasant.Private trade and manufacturing banned. State trading market chaotic so most people resorted to a huge black market.Nationalisation of industry. Administered by Vesenkha and committees were replaced by the original managers - the bourgeois'former people'. Not all workers against this - even they saw it was necessary, if only for them to keep their jobs.Labour discipline Internal passports re-introduce (like under the Tsars) to stop workers leaving factories and returning to the countryside. Bonuses and piece-work rates brought back and a work book needed to get rations.Rationing Classed based, Labour force and red army given priority, professionals like doctors and civil servants next, then the'former people' (Burzhui - middle classes).‘Red terror'. (see violence etc. bit.NE.Five Year PlansStalin's Personality.In power from 14-.Aggressive - "We are bound by no laws. There are no fortresses the Bolsheviks cannot storm." Joseph Stali.Oppositio.Communis.The manifest.the 10 pointsLenins Policies..In 118, the Communists under Lenin were forced to conclude a disastrous peace treaty with Germany, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, under which Russia lost much of its western territories. (The treaty was later nullified.) They also had to fight a civil war, which lasted until 11, against anti-Communist forces, who wished to undo the October Revolution. Nicholas II and the royal family became victims of the civil war; taken prisoner after the revolution, they were murdered by the Communists in July 118..Lenin at first sought to achieve socialism by taking complete control of the economy. But he soon recognised that he had acted too hastily. With the economy in ruins and the regime facing revolt, he introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 11. Under the NEP, peasants were allowed to farm as they pleased, small private businesses flourished, and trade revived. In 1 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was officially founded..The Stalin Era..When Lenin died in 14, he was succeeded as Soviet leader by Joseph Stalin. Under Stalin, farms were forcibly collectivised, industry nationalised, and many new factories built. Collectivisation of agriculture, in which farms were joined together, was achieved at a dreadful human cost, and poor production led to the deaths of millions of people from starvation. While heavy industry grew under state control and the strength of the armed forces increased greatly, the standard of living of the peasants and working class fell sharply..During the 10s, Stalin began a series of purges that led to the deaths of many old Bolsheviks, most of the former leadership of the Communist Party, labour leaders, and nearly all of the senior officer corps..It is estimated that Stalin was responsible for the deaths of more than 0 million of his own people. Millions more were sent to labour camps, where many died under the harsh conditions. non.

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The Ancient Mariner's Foolish Act

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"God save thee, ancient Mariner.From the fiends, that plague thee thus!.Why look'st thou so?"---- With my crossbo.I shot the ALBATROSS.(lines 7-8.

In Samuel Taylor Coleridge's, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," the ancient mariner received a never-ending penance for his sin. After killing the albatross with his crossbow, a skeleton ship floated on the water unaided by wind with two shipmates aboard, Death and Life-in-Death. The two shipmates were casting dice for the ancient mariner and his crew's lives. Life-in-Death won the life of the ancient mariner and he was left all alone aboard his ship. The ancient mariner's foolish act caused him to lose his crew and a life filled with grief and loneliness.

When the ancient mariner killed the albatross everything seemed to go downhill. The fair breeze that once blew when the albatross was there had suddenly disappeared. However, the crew did find something good from killing the albatross, the fog and mist had cleared. But, why did the ancient mariner kill the albatross? He did not even give a sign that the albatross was bothering him. Evil spirits may have taken over his mind and forced him to kill the albatross. The ancient mariner did describe the albatross's appearance as that of a Christian soul. They hailed the albatross in God's name, giving it a religious representation. The action the ancient mariner chose to take did not match he and his crew's interpretation of the albatross's appearance.

Once the ancient mariner's life wais won by Life-in-Death, his life was changed forever. He had to live on the ship with his fallen crew and encounter the curse of the dead men's eye. For seven days and seven nights, he encountered that curse and could not die. After that experience, the ancient mariner's whole outlook on his surroundings changed. He now referred to the slimy things in the sea as water snakes moving in tracks of shining white. This meant that he now began to notice good traits in all creatures of the earth. His new feelings brought kindness to his heart and he was now able to pray. He blessed the creatures of the sea and the albatross fell free from his neck. After this happened, I felt that the ancient mariner would be forgiven for his sin. It turns out that my guess was wrong because his grief did reappear. His boat sank and he was rescued by a pilot and his boy. It turns out that this occurrence may have been in the mariner's favor because if his boat would not have sank, the pilot probably would not have stopped for him and he would still be stranded at sea. There was also a hermit on the boat, who the mariner thought would shrieve his soul of the sin. The hermit shrieves his soul and his penance is that he has to tell his tale to strangers for the rest of his life. Why would he be given such a harsh penance for just killing a bird? What was the major significance of that bird? The bird may have been sent by God to guide them on their way. The bird did bring fog, but it also brought the fair breeze, and it served as a navigational guide through the fog. The albatross seemed to be a gift from God just to make the ancient mariner and his crew's voyage a little easier.

In conclusion, the foolish ways of the ancient mariner caused him grief that he may not have had to deal with if he would have just left the albatross alone. Instead, his act caused his life to change in ways he never expected. If he would have left the albatross alone maybe his future would have turned out a whole lot better than it actually did. He should have suspected something about the albatross when it first appeared though. He did mention that they were in a land of ice and of fearful sounds where no living thing was to be seen. The albatross just appeared through the fog as if it were sent from heaven to perform a deed for a few good men. The weather conditions did not even pose as an obstacle to the albatross. It seemed as if the bird was a guardian angel to guide them on their journey. In closing, the ancient mariner should have thought about what he was doing before he did such a foolish thing. His gut instinct just steered him in the wrong direction.

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Com2

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COM 0 Homewor./0/.Outline.Greet the Ford buyer..

Inform him about the problem with the level of aluminum.1.Notify them that you were not aware of the proble..Will do anything to mend the problem.Present possible solutions.Let them know that this incident will not interfere with future quality.Close the letter by thanking them for making business with them.COM 0 Homewor.Lidia Peregrin./0/.Outline.Greet the Ford buyer..Inform him about the problem with the level of aluminum.1.Notify them that you were not aware of the proble..Will do anything to mend the problem.Present possible solutions.Let them know that this incident will not interfere with future quality.Close the letter by thanking them for making business with them.Suggestion.Fly to Detroit and Holland, Michigan and personally apologize.Send special technicians to fix the problem.Arrange a reimbursement..Contact the international sources and make sure they check the parts before shipping them.Make sure their good reputation is not affected by this incident. They can keep a good reputation by personally visiting the affected companies.." Buy Hybanchki and work worry free.Hybanchk.Carburetor.15 West Fift.San Francisco, CA 077.(1) 555-1.www.hybanchki.co.September 0,00.Ford Farm and Motor Part.Edgar Stephen.Engine Assembly Buye.1750 Wind Roa.Detroit, MI 5.(770) 555-1.estephens@fordengines.co.Dear Mr. Stephen.First of all we would like to thank you for your continuous business with us. It has come to our concern that the part we shipped was returned.Suggestion.Fly to Detroit and Holland, Michigan and personally apologize.Send special technicians to fix the problem.Arrange a reimbursement..Contact the international sources and make sure they check the parts before shipping them.Make sure their good reputation is not affected by this incident. They can keep a good reputation by personally visiting the affected companies.." Buy Hybanchki and work worry free.Hybanchk.Carburetor.15 West Fift.San Francisco, CA 077.(1) 555-1.www.hybanchki.co.September 0,00.Ford Farm and Motor Part.Edgar Stephen.Engine Assembly Buye.1750 Wind Roa.Detroit, MI 5.(770) 555-1.estephens@fordengines.co.Dear Mr. Stephen.First of all we would like to thank you for your continuous business with us. It has come to our concern that the part we shipped was returned..

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Theories to influence artists

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Practice in art refers to the decisions and actions that affect choices, perceptions, ways of working and views of an artist or art historian. Tim Storrier sums up the practice of an artist by saying that "A painting is really a graphic illustration of where a particular artist is at that point in his life and the art encompasses what the artist has gone through in their life." On art historians and critics he says "Other people come along and interpret the painting with their own life experiences" The subjectivity involved in a critic or art historian's views are extremely high.

The practice of Tim Storrier is informed by the theories of painting an idea with a poetic edge. This idea then goes searching for "totems" to portray itself upon. Storrier speaks about this theory "My paintings don't start with visual stimulation, it's usually an intellectual idea with a poetic edge, then the idea goes searching for different totems to portray itself upon." Storrier elaborates further that "The bottom line of my paintings is that they are trying to come up with totemic images about Australia. We don't have many, for me the true totemic image of Australia is the horizon." A totem is a natural object that is usually the emblem of a clan in a tribal group. Storrier's totems are a natural object that he can apply his poetic idea to.

We see from these quotes that the theory of Tim Storrier's art is concerned with the idea of painting "totemic images" and that the paintings are trying to come up with totemic images about Australia. Storrier believes that the totemic image of Australia is the horizon. Storrier is using both the Subjective and Cultural frames in his artwork. Storrier uses the cultural frame to emphasise the point that his belief is that the horizon is the totemic icon of Australia. The horizon is included in most Australian paintings and has become an integral feature of Australian artworks. Storrier was influenced by Australian artists Russel Drysdale and Sydney Nolan. Both these artists use the horizon as a key feature of their paintings. Storrier incorporates the horizon in almost every painting and the main idea of his paintings are the horizon, not the actual objects he portrays in them. Storrier's theory on the horizon being the totemic image of Australia stems from his love of the horizon, even as a child "I was always gazing at what lay beyond the horizon... The beauty of distance." This shows that Storrier is working from the subjective frame as well as the cultural frame. An important quote from Storrier is this "My burning rope pictures, the series called Point to Point, are totemic images of a journey from one point to another in the landscape of life, but they are really about the horizons beyond the burning rope." This quote shows us that Storrier's personal theories on the totemic image of Australia being the horizon is incorporated into his artworks. We can see from this that the personal theories of art influence the practice of artists.

Another proof of how Storrier's theory of art is painting a totem to portray an idea with a poetic edge was when he divorced his wife in 184. "Storrier, raging with pain and anger, painted a totem for his traumatic state" He thought of a totem and gave the totem an idea with a poetic edge to show his feelings and traumatised state. The painting was called "The Burn". The totem in the painting that reflected his raging view and traumatised state was a carcase of meant with a burning rope following the contour of the spine as a symbol of a flayed body. The ribs are showing, the penis is blood red, the testicles droop. This shows further evidence of Storrier working in the subjective frame. It is interesting to note how storrier communicates his feelings so effectively. A humans ribs, spine and testicles are the most painful part of a body to hurt, and Storrier uses these body parts to communicate his area of pain. In this instance it was all the hurt and anguish of breaking up with his wife.

Critics and art historians also have theories about art and these theories influence what the critics and historians have to say about the artist. A critic's view includes his or hers personal experiences and this is how critics and art historians work under the subjective framework. Tim Storrier comments on this by saying, "Other (critics and art historians) people come along and interpret the painting with their own life experiences." Critics and art historians views include the cultural frame as the idea's and theories of critics and art historians change around the world. We can see this by juxtaposing two views of critics one from Australia and one from America

"Australian critics mutter that the local audience and market has been saturated by Storrier's burning ropes/horses/fists/fruit, and that the artist should apply his skills to another theme." Unfortunately some Australian critics have been under the influence of what is called the "Tall Poppy Syndrome" where they attack the artists of their choice, they cut them down to size, and unusually with no justification. In Storrier's case they attack his work as being repetitive and irrelevant. Storrier believes that the critics have a go at him because he is rich. "The Hollywood myth perpetuates that artists are meant to live in ripped jeans and stained t-shirts, and never earn a buck."

The Americans however interpret Storrier's burning paintings "in a way Australians hadn't." Storrier's artworks were seen as "Highly political, ecological statements about the landscape and it's vulnerability; the burning rope, fists, fruits, became symbols of civilisation consuming itself, leaving only the charred ruins on the horizon.". The Americans critics were influenced by the cultural frame as the war's around the world (Kuwait war, Gulf War) were occurring at the same time that Storrier released his paintings to America. The Americans could identify with Storrier's work as the pictures on the news and tabloids showed burning objects from the war and they understood Storrier's work to be political statements about the wars that were being fought around the world they understood the burning fruits to be "Symbols of civilisation consuming itself."

Relating back to the practice of Storrier and the frames that he worked out of, we can see that Storrier's practice worked from the subjective frame as Storrier included a lot of personal and psychological experiences in his artworks. He did this by using the Structural frame to add symbols in his artworks such as the horizon, objects in isolation and evoking a feeling in his audience of stillness, silence, loneliness and being isolated or trapped in a vast world. Storrier was sent to a boarding school and his sense of isolation there is still reflected in his artworks today "The sense of isolation was very strong, a lot of my anger came from being sent away from home to the school." Storrier loved taking photo's of objects in isolation "Things in isolation seemed to intrigue him." Storrier's practice was influenced by these psychological changes in his life and he reflected these changes in his artworks. To get the affect of loneliness and isolation and an illusion of space in his artworks, Storrier uses shadows, receding horizon lines, long perspective, distant vanishing points, and works done from an arial view. "The space creates a sense of solitude, emptiness and vastness in his work" objects such as debris have been incorporated into his earlier works to indicate distance. All of this shows us that Storriers practice is compromised from the subjective and structural framework and depicts stages from his life.

Another theory of Storrier's is that an artwork must be beautiful and not grotesque. Storrier believes the main challenge is to paint a picture in a beautiful manner. The tonality normally used may be different for such an angry subject such as "The Burn", where an animal's carcass is displayed bleeding, but in a gentle, toned down way compared to how grotesque he could of made it. "The establishment of beauty is an essential role for an artist. The bottom line of a painting is that it is a profound decoration, I'm aware of horror and the detestable but I don't paint it. I revert back to what is acceptable, to beauty and human grace, because that is what lasts." Storrier shows another theory that affects his art making he say that "An artist's pictures are his calling cards on the way through his life, and mine, I hope, are done with generosity and affection." Storrier may paint a not so nice picture, but he does it with beauty and human grace. These are his personal thoughts towards beauty in art. These are his personal theories that affect his decision making, or art practice.

In 180 however, Storrier became frustrated with painting realistically, since the same can be achieved through photography. Storrier was inspired by the work of Dutch artist Theo Kuijpers who created mixed media works, combining realistic, tangible form with illusionism. We can see this effect in Storrier's mixed media construction 'The hungry surveyor", where he paints a picture and layers real objects, such as a horse saddle, whips and cans, on top of the canvas. Painting with real objects is a post-modern practice and Storrier uses appropriation in a way as he follows Theo Kuijpers Work. Storrier once again uses the cultural frame to show his affinity with the Australian outback lifestyle, by using real objects that are all Australian. Storrier is also using the subjective frame by putting symbols of his child hood into his art works.

The practices of artists is informed by the critical theories on arts that the artist may have. With Storrier we can see how he takes all of personal theories and applies them one by one to each of his artworks. Storrier is a unique artist as he is self taught and rarely follows any actual genre in art (minimalism, conceptualism, dadaism etc). The horizon is emphasised as his theory is that the horizon is the central and integral totem of Australia. We can see how he comes up with totems and applies varied ideas to them, this is another one of Storrier's theories. Another theory is that painting should be beautiful and we can see that even though Storrier may have a grotesque painting to paint, he does so with the utmost beauty, respect and tolerance that a painting of that nature deserves. Theories are an integral part of an artists decision making, or practice, that goes with each and every artwork that an artist produces.

Please note that this sample paper on Theories to influence artists is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Theories to influence artists, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Theories to influence artists will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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