International business structure and environment

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The IKEA structur.IKEA was founded by Ingvar Kamprad in 14. Since then, IKEA has expanded to include a number of home furnishings stores around the world.Inter IKEA Systems B.V. is the owner and franchisor of the IKEA concept. Irrespective of their ownership all IKEA retailers worldwide operate on a franchise basis.IKEA of Sweden AB is responsible for the entire IKEA product range, thereto commissioned by Inter IKEA Systems B.V.. All products in the IKEA range are distinguished by the label Design and Quality, IKEA of Sweden. The from Inter IKEA Systems B.V. independent IKEA Group includes not only most IKEA retailers, but also the product development centre IKEA

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iKEA and the environmen.IKEA has always tried to do more with less. This goes hand in hand with our environmental work - to use resources in an economical and careful way.Three cornerstones in IKEAs environmental wor.? Our cost consciousness and resourc.efficiency result in less usage of raw material and less waste and discharges. ? The extensive use of wood in our products. Wood is a Recyclable, biodegradable and renewable material and it is excellent from an environmental point of view.? Training and engaging our co-workers to work wit.environmental issues..Resource efficienc.One of the reasons why IKEAs prices are so competitiv.is that we always try to minimize costs. To keep costs lo.you have to be economical. We save on raw material.energy and other resources. As a consequence, we ofte.also reduce waste and discharges.At IKEA we develop the products ourselves, often in clos.co-operation with the supplier. This gives us th.opportunity to take all aspects of a products life int.consideration. From choice of raw material throug.production and distribution to end of use. Bein.economical when selecting raw material must be secon.nature for a product developer at IKEA. When possible.leftover material from one product is used in the makin.of another product..Forestr.A large proportion of the raw material IKEA uses in th.products is wood or wooden fiber. Wood is renewable.recyclable and biodegradable. It is a good material fro.an environmental point of view, provided that i.originates from well-managed forests..IKEA demands that the wood in our solid wood product.does not originate from intact natural forests, unless the.are certified. Our long-term goal is to source all wood i.the IKEA range from verified well-managed forests, tha.is, forests that have been certified according to a fores.management standard recognized by IKEA..Training and engaging our co-worker.Committed co-workers are crucial to get a driving force i.the environmental work. Throughout the IKEA Group.there are environmental co-ordinators working i.different ways to increase environmental awareness b.training and informing their colleagues on a continuou.basis..More informatio.Do you want to know more about how IKEA works with th.environment.In the brochure Environmental and social issues you ca.read abou.? Environmental and social responsibilit.? Environmental adaptation of products and material.? Forestr.? Suppliers - environmental work, social and workin.condition.? Distribution - transport and warehousin.? The environmental work at our store.Presidents messag.Can you do business while being a good business.The role of business is changing. To provide jobs, creat.profits and pay taxes is no longer enough. Both ou.customers and co-workers expect more from us. The.expect us also to take an active role in influencing socia.and environmental issues wherever we are present. A.often asked question is - is it possible to make traditiona.business objectives and social and environmenta.responsibility work together for the benefit of al.stakeholders? Or is there a conflict between the two?.We believe they can work very well together. Done in .sensible way, social and environmental work is good fo.business. It is good for business because our customer.will feel reassured that they are doing business with .company that shares their views and values. And it i.good for business because it can also support cos.efficiency. Using resources and raw material efficiently.saving energy, improving working conditions at ou.suppliers and through that getting more motivate.people, will have a positive effect on costs and therefor.support our business objectives..Being successful with social and environmental work i.not an easy thing. It takes a dedicated organization. I.takes clear goals, strategies, time plans an.responsibilities. And above all, it takes a vision to create .better everyday life for the many people. We have .business idea based on low prices and cost-efficiency.And we have values that support a humble, cos.conscious and humanistic way of behaving. All this is .real strength in our work with social and environmenta.responsibility..We realize that we are only in the beginning, and w.have a long way to go before our work is a natura.integrated part of our day to day business..Anders Dahlvi.President of the IKEA Grou.SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILIT.Play for life.Help children in Angola and Uganda.Support UNICEF in helping affected children to recove.from armed conflicts in Angola and Uganda. For ever.IKEA PS BRUM soft toy you buy, UNICEF receives $.Our goal is to raise a total of $400,000.00 through th.sales of IKEA PS BRUM world-wide..In Angola, the IKEA contribution will get to some 80,00.children through a non-formal education effort with mai.focus on learning by playing.In northern Uganda, civil conflicts have torn the peopl.for almost two decades. The IKEA funds will suppor.play-based programs for at-risk teenagers to strengthe.the awareness about the threat of HIV/AIDS.Every child has the right to playtime in a saf.environment. This has been stated in the mos.internationally adopted treaty in the history - the 1.Convention on the Rights of the Child. The right to pla.may seem as a natural thing, but millions of children ar.deprived of this vital element due to conflicts, disease.and exploitation..IKEA has supported UNICEF programmes around th.world for more than 10 years, including recen.contributions to support immunisation and chil.protection programmes in Northern India.The IKEA Group is concentrating its corporat.contributions on a few selected causes. These ar.primarily environmental projects, projects aimed a.the prevention of child labour and initiatives t.support children and their opportunities for learnin.and development.We have established relationships with a small numbe.of recognized international and national organizations.The projects that IKEA contributes to are linked to ou.business and are therefore as close as possible to ou.suppliers.Childrens right.Child labor is an unacceptable part of todays reality.This situation exists in some of the countries where IKE.purchases. It is a complex problem that can be solve.only by addressing the root causes of child labor.together with the broad engagement of different partie.in society..We want our activities to be in the best interests of th.child. The ambition is to make sure that no child labor i.involved in the manufacturing of IKEA products. Thi.includes all our suppliers worldwide, as well as thei.sub-contractors. Providing quality education is one wa.of preventing child labor.he IKEA Group supports the following project.In Indi.· In collaboration with UNICEF, United Nations Children.Fund, IKEA has initiated community developmen.projects in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Th.objective is to prevent child labor. The projects cover.more than 500 villages with a population o.approximately 1. million people. Alternative Learnin.Centres for children are set up to help them join th.formal school system. Approximately 54,000 childre.benefit directly from the project. In addition, UNICEF i.working via local NGOs and in co-operation with loca.authorities to support women in their efforts to establis.self-help groups. These measures help women to gai.access to micro credit schemes and find alternativ.income-generating opportunities.· IKEA has supported CREDA, a local non-governmenta.organization in India. The two-year project started i.September 000 and covered a geographic area of .villages. Focus was on providing educationa.opportunities for young girls. In addition, 500 adul.women were given basic literacy education. The projec.was implemented by UNDP, United Nations Developmen.Programme..· Together with WHO, World Health Organization an.UNICEF, IKEA has initiated a vaccination project in Indi.starting in April 00. The objective is to provid.immunization to infants between 0-1 years of age agains.the six most common childhood diseases. All pregnan.women will also be vaccinated with the tetanus toxoid. .total of 0,000 women and children will be immunized.The project covers ,000 villages in India, some wher.IKEA already has an ongoing UNICEF project.In Kosov.· Since 000, IKEA is supporting the International Sav.the Children Alliance to re-establish schooling for th.children in the Western part of Kosovo after the war i.1. The main aim is to re-build 4 schools, reconstruc.and repair classrooms, provide support to schools wit.pre-school classes and teacher training. This helps t.restore normality in the lives of thousands of children.· IKEA is supporting UNICEF for the repair of eight pilo.schools in Kosovo benefiting some 8,000 pupils. Th.project, which started in 000, also includes ne.equipment, teaching materials and the improvement o.water supplies and sanitary conditions. An important par.of the project is a special teacher training, building o.interactive teaching with the focus being on childre.and their enthusiasm. The teachers will then train othe.colleagues to introduce the methods in 5 additiona.schools around the province.Forestry project.A substantial part of the raw material for IKEAs product.is wood or wood fibers. This is why we want the forest.from where we take our raw material, to be managed in .responsible way. The long-term goal is to source all woo.in the IKEA products from verified well-managed forests.For more information on how we work with the forestr.issue, see IKEA and the environment.The IKEA Group contributes to the following fores.project.· Since 1, IKEA co-operates with Global Fores.Watch, an initiative of WRI, World Resources Institute.The project objective is to map the worlds remainin.intact natural forests. Knowledge about the locations o.intact natural forests, relative to logging operations, i.essential to be able to save these forests..· Since 001, IKEA is funding a scholarship for student.from Russia, Poland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania t.study forestry in Sweden, at the Swedish University o.Agricultural Science for one year. Approximately .students annually, for a five-year period will receive th.scholarship.· The foundation Sow a Seed, started by IKEA in 18.aims to rehabilitate 14,000 hectares of degraded rai.forest in the Malaysian State of Sabah. The project.objective is enrichment planting of native tree specie.and research on how to best rehabilitate a rainforest... IKEA and WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) hav.joined forces to promote responsible forestry. I.co-operation, IKEA and WWF are carrying out a series o.frest projects that will contribute to the development o.global toolkits on forestry issues and promote responsibl.forestry in priority regions, i.e. in Russia, China, Estonia.Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Bulgaria.THE IKEA WA.he IKEA way on purchasing home furnishing product.Key issues such as working conditions an.environmental care among our suppliers are bein.targeted in IKEAs code of conduct, The IKEA Way o.Purchasing Home Furnishing Products.At IKEA, we want to offer low prices for well-designe.and functional home furnishing products of good quality.manufactured under acceptable working conditions b.suppliers that care for the environment.We have outlined our views in the document The IKE.Way on Purchasing Home Furnishing Products. Thi.document is our code of conduct that states the minimu.demands expected of all IKEA suppliers. It defines IKEA.requirements regarding social and working conditions.child labor, environment and forestry.IKEA aims to build long-term relationships with supplier.that share our commitment to promote good practices.and who want to grow and develop together with IKEA.IKEA expects its suppliers to respect fundamental huma.rights, to treat their workforce fairly and with respect.Suppliers are also obligated to continuously striv.towards minimizing the environmental impact of thei.operations.The basic criteria are that our suppliers must follo.national laws and international conventions. The code o.conduct is based on the UN Declaration of Huma.Rights, 148, the ILO (International Labour Organization.Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights a.Work, 18 and the Rio Declaration on Sustainabl.Development, 1. IWAY standard.of Sweden AB and trading and wholesale companies. The IKEA Group activities are coordinated by IKEA Services AB in Sweden and IKEA Services B.V. in The Netherlands. The IKEA Group is owned by a charitable foundation in the Netherlands..

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Wholesaling Channels of disribution

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Wholesaling Channels of disributio.Wholesalers trade in a variety of different markets, handling either raw materials or finished goods. They provide a range of services to both their suppliers and customers with consumer goods, these services are both benefited for the manufacturers and retailers.The wholesaler s services for manufacturer.Bulk buying is easier and cheaper for the manufacturer to deal with a few large orders rather than with many small orders, which can equate to higher prices.

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Storage. This manufacturer s own warehousing costs are reduced.Promotion. The wholesaler promotes the product and advertises for the manufacturer.Advice. The wholesaler gives feedback on the success of the goods, to the manufacturer.Risk-bearing. The wholesaler acts as the manufacturer market, therefore taking the risk of not being able to sell the goods.The wholesaler s services for retailer.Breaking Bulk. The wholesaler buys in large quantities but sells to the retailer in smaller amounts, which saves the retailer the costs of holding larger amounts of stock.Selection. The wholesaler typically has a range of manufacturers goods from which the retailer can choose.Credit. By granting credit, the wholesaler helps the retailer to finance the purchase of goods. Some wholesalers operate as Cash and Carry outlets, where retailers gain lower prices if they pay cash for, and collect, their purchases.Information. The wholesaler can provide information about new products that the manufacturer has made so awareness can get across.Delivery. Many wholesalers are prepared to deliver goods to the retailer so an influx of awareness of dependability is there.The survival of the wholesale.The growth of large-scale retail outlets has led these organisations to carry out the traditional functions of the wholesaler such as bulk breaking and warehousing, so eliminating the need for a separate wholesaler. More and more manufacturers are also carrying out some of the wholesalers, traditional functions.Wholesalers have adapted to cope with such changing condition. To make the shops more competitive, voluntary chains such as Spar and VG have been set up; wholesalers run the voluntary chain, supplying a large number of independent retailers with their goods. National Advertising, cheaper prices through bulk buying, and own brand goods are examples of the benefits available to retailers in these chains.By proving Cash and Carry services, wholesalers have helped both themselves and small independent retailers to survive.The Method s of Distributio.Roa.Road haulage is the most frequently used form of inland transport in the UK. It s cheap and fast compared to rail; it can also deliver door to door and is more flexible because it s not under strict timetables, unless making a delivery less than 4 hours or having a timed delivery.Some firms employ specialist local or national haulage companies to shift their products. Other companies may employ their own transport fleet. For example, a bakery may deliver its own products to grocers. Large organisations may deploy there own fleet of haulages for delivery to retail outlets or to customers.By running its own transport, a company can take advantage of the free advertising of their vehicles and delivery is quicker and cheaper than using a specialist road hauler. The firm will have to ensure that staff and vehicles are fully utilised to gain from its own transport.Railway.The railway method of transport remains the road haulage s major inland rival. Its strength is in moving bulky goods over long distances; it s also used in transporting urgently required or dangerous substances such as nuclear waste, often with high security. This could be a method of transporting fabrics to one part of a country to another.Air and Sea Transpor.Both of these forms of freight transport are largely (but not exclusively) used for international trade. Air transport of freight, though expensive, is extremely fast in worldwide coverage. It tends to be used for items are urgently required, highly expensive or perishable goods e.g. food stuffs, cars.Many forms of sea transport exist, including cargo liners, tankers and container ships. Although slow than most transports, these ships can move bulky items more cheaply. Cars are a great example, as the car may cost a lot, using air transport would be efficient but expensive. However, using sea transport it takes a load off the price tag but with the sacrifice of time. However, remember Patience is a virtue. The discovery and exploitation of North Sea oil, for example, led to an explosion of the usage of sea transport around ports. In addition, many firms use the sea method in advance when transporting materials such as denim.Transport developments.The use of containers has grown in the last thirty years. The container is a fixed-size, large box, which has its contents sealed inside it can be moved by crane from one method of transport to another (e.g. from a container ship to a container lorry), or a roll on roll off system can be used e.g. on cross Channel ferries. Containerisation leads to better security and quicker delivery since the goods are sealed in containers. Although this method isn t very much liked by speed demanding organisations, due to the start- stop feature its very much beginning to become a standard.Pipelines are another important development. This is used to carry liquids and gases from oilrigs to refineries. This is very much a governmental method of transportation.Channels of distributio.Manufacturers must be able to sell their goods to customers in order to make the real aim of a business Profit . This is achieved by sending their goods through various channels of distribution. The diagram below shows the methods of how a product gets from manufacturer to consumer.Each channel includes the same activities as well as the act of buying and selling, the product will be promoted at various stages of distribution, stored then transported down to the next stage.A manufacturer may sell direct to the customer, as shown in channel A (diagram), and exclude both wholesaler and retailer. Some manufacturers - for example, many china producers - run factory shops from which their products can be bought. Variations on the manufacturer-direct-to-customer channel include the door-to-door selling of products (Avon cosmetics and Betterware are well-known examples) and mail order selling through agents (who carry out some of the retailers duties).In channel B, the retailer is excluded, the wholesaler receiving the goods from the manufacturer and then selling them direct to the final consumer. These wholesalers are usually based in densely populated areas and often sell consumer goods at low prices.Channel C shows the traditional pattern. The manufacturer sells in bulk to wholesalers, who then resell in smaller quantities to retailers the retailers sell single items to consumers. Many foodstuffs and finished goods are still sold through this channel.The wholesaler may be omitted by a manufacturer, then sells direct to large retailers (channel D). These retailers, because of their size, can also carry out the function of a wholesaler, e.g. by being able to store large quantities of the goods. One popular development related to this channel is where manufacturers set up their own retail outlets through vertical forwards integration (merging with another company e.g. producer takes over retailer). The franchising of retail outlet illustrates another important variation of this channel.Selecting the channe.The choice of channel is largely determined by the product to be distributed. Consumer goods use the channels above. The channels cost and the amount of control the manufacturer wants over, distribution are two important influences in deciding which channel will be used. The influences of cost and control also affect the choice of channel for raw materials and foodstuffs. Raw materials are often distributed through a number of commodity exchanges an example is The London Metal Exchange, which grades and sells a range of metals. Some foodstuffs are also sold either through a commodity exchange such as The Baltic Exchange. Through wholesale markets for fresh produce such as Smithfield (meat) and Billingsgate (fish), or through specialist marketing and distribution boards such as Milk Marque.A number of different channels are also used to sell industrial goods. There may be direct selling to the final user; wholesalers or manufacturers agents may also be used to distribute items, such as farm machinery and steel (e.g. through steel stockholders).Another new alternative, which Live and Kicking could use, which has been taking the world by storm, is online shopping on the Internet. This method can be enjoyable and practical for the consumer as, he/she can enjoy shopping in the comfort of their office or home. This method, offers an online gallery where consumers can choose their product and make adjustments for more comfort and satisfaction when buying jeans. I feel this method will do extremely well if good awareness of it is given.Method of Transport Advantage Disadvantag.Road Ø FastØ EfficientØ CheapØ FlexibleØ Can deliver door-door Ø TrafficØ Set a number of hours if contracte.Rail Ø Efficient for long distancesØ Fast Ø Can t deliver door-to doorØ Safety concerns due to recent crashes.Air Ø Fast Ø ExpensiveØ Suited for perishable good.Sea Ø CheapØ Idyllic for bulky goods Ø Slo.Channel of distribution Advantage Disadvantag.Manufacturer to Consumer Ø Saves money not going through the other channelsØ Consumer gets a more personal serviceØ Cheap to distribute Ø Small number of consumers attracted.Ø Lack of awarenessØ Impractical if selling consumable.Manufacturer - Wholesaler - Consumer Ø Warehouse stores productØ Cheaper Ø Awareness of the product suffers.Ø Suited for foodstuffsØ Cash & Carry statusØ Suited for densely populated area.Manufacturer - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer Ø Maximum awareness of the product is raisedØ Traditional method Ø Costs manufacturer more to go through these channelsØ Price of product may rise.Manufacturer - Retailer - Consumer Ø Raises awareness of productØ If promoted in way, that this shop sells this product than both can benefit.Ø Retailer takes role of wholesaler.Ø Manufacturer has a chance to deploy vertical forwards integration. Ø Suited for large retail outletsØ Disputes may occur of how many products are to be stored.From these summarisations, would recommend that Live and Kicking should choose the third option for distributing the product. This method has been chosen to distribute the jeans as we are importing fabrics from the Far East and raising maximum awareness of the product will be achieved through this method. This will be an expensive option but is very just when importing products from the Far East. Another option is to set up an exporting branch abroad to ensure safe transportation of the fabric, or a company abroad as it would be much cheaper to set up and manufacture of the jeans will be very cheap. However, transportation to the UK will be expensive. By using all the channels of distribution in option three, Live and Kicking Jeans will have the bet chance to make it into the jeans market, may that chance be minute or not..

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Classification

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Rap music has become a big part of everyday pop culture still many.fail to notice the difference between the artists. Each artist brings a unique.talent to the game. One way to look at the differences is to break down the

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artists itself. You have your most popular artist in Eminem who appeals.mostly to your average suburban teenager. For the urban fans you have 50.cent. Also for the ladies you have LL Cool J.

Eminem has taken rap to a whole new level by introducing it to the.mass public. He being a white rapper made it fairly easy to market him to.the pop world. Your typical Eminem fan is a teenage kid from the suburb..Before him rap had mostly an urban following. His lyrics made him appeal.to the kids in the suburbs. It was something different something they could.relate to. This in turn made him a house hold name. Many say that he is the.salvation of the art form. He alone has contributed to the millions and.millions of dollars in revenue for rap as a whole.

A second division of rappers is a rapper by the name of 50 cent. His.personal conflicts have been used to catapult him to stardom. He is your.typical gangster rapper for the streets. With almost six million records sold,.a book deal, his own sneaker line and plenty of notoriety, 50 cent has.commercialized thuggin and built a career off of drama. For example he.getting shot nine times is a direct result of him putting himself out there..This actually helped his career, to the urban streets listeners. It builds up his.street credibility, which results in mega sales.

LL Cool J has also built a successful career in the rap world. His.songs demonstrate LLs ability to express tenderness. Women are attracted.to his features and seductive rhymes. His name speaks for itself Ladies Love.Cool James. Unlike many rappers who boast of their gangsta affiliations,.LL has steadfastly refused to glorify violence in his music. To the contrary,.he has pioneered a soulful brand of hip-hop which includes inner-city.macho with gentle old world charm and love. His approach to marketing.himself to females more has contributed to his longevity..

Many who don't follow rap music think of it as all the same. Many.also believe that all rappers advocate violence. After reading my piece.hopefully people will understand that the individual artists all are different.

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THE ADVENTUROUS CELEBRATION

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Travis Beet.AE100.Prof. Gladfelte.September 08, 0.

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The Adventurous Celebratio.

This is a story of six erratic kids out for a night of jocularity. It all began around 8 p.m. when six scions showed up to a young lads house by the name of one Matthew Nichols. Soon, these kids would turn from sober to inebriated. As they drank themselves dizzy, a young man named Jason Barnes confronted them. This juvenile informed them about a secluded farm that they could dissipate at. They then made their journey to "the farm". As they began the second session of drinking, a meddling man approached them in an old mangled truck. The man told these kids not to move or he would shoot them. As the man turned around towards his truck to pick up his cell phone to call the cops, four of the drunken kids scurried into the woods unnoticed. They would then wait for the designated drivers to pick them up, for no shorter than thirty minutes. As they punks were picked up, the plastered young men were informed of cops showing up. The designated drivers were forced to lie to the officers, and tell them that nobody else was accompanying them. For the best part they didn't get any tickets. Then they began a journey home to their friend Allen's house, where they would begin to shout and yell with joy. After gathering themselves, they concluded that it was the most "adventurous celebration" of the year, January 1, 00. This celebration was great dispite the cops bringing this to a halt. It was a bunch of kids trying to have fun, but cops have to ruin it..

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The Best Treatment for ADD

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Karen Christense.Professor J. Johnso.English 11.7 August 00.

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The Best Treatment for AD.

Attention Deficit Disorder, also known as ADD, ADHD, or simply hyperactivity, can be displayed among children, adolescents and even adults. "Doctors and educators often use the term'attention-deficit disorder' (ADD) to describe the way certain children act in the classroom" (NIMH "A Treatment Study"). In loose terms, these children squirm in their seats, fiddle with their papers, fidget with their hands, and move around to the point that they disturb other children. "Not long ago, children who behaved in certain ways were called'bundles of energy,''daydreamers,' or'fireballs.' Now they're considered'hyperactive,''distractible,' or'impulsive'-victims of the ubiquitous Attention Deficit Disorder" (Armstrong). There are many different forms of treatment or approaches that are used to help children with ADD, including changing the child's environment, parent counseling and behavior modification and the use of medication. Of all the different types of treatments, studies seem to focus mostly on stimulant medications. Ritalin is the most commonly used stimulant medication and is the best treatment because it has a calming and focusing effect, increases confidence and self-esteem, and it has low abuse potential..

Attention Deficit Disorder, ADD, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD, refer "to a family of related chronic neurobiological disorders that interfere with an individual's capacity to regulate activity level (hyperactivity), inhibit behavior (impulsivity), and attend to tasks (inattention) in developmentally appropriate ways" (NIMH "ADHD-Questions and Answers"). According to the National Institute of Mental Health, research shows that ADD tends to run in families, so it is likely to be genetic. At least one-third of all fathers, who had Attention Deficit Disorder growing up, have children with ADD. Attention Deficit Disorder is one of the most common mental disorders among children. It affects three to five percent of all children, which equals about two million American children. Also, boys are two to three times more likely affected than girls ("ADHD").

The main symptoms of ADD include inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive people have a hard time focusing on one task and may get bored with it after only a few minutes. Hyperactive people always seem to be in motion and can not sit still or they may do things like shaking their feet or tapping a pen on the table. Impulsive people are those who do not think about the consequences of their actions beforehand, even though they know the difference between right and wrong. Children with Attention Deficit Disorder have also shown specific learning problems involving word confusion, math, writing, spelling and reading. "Although both inattentiveness and impulsiveness do tend to get better as the child grows older, teenagers with ADHD continue to experience much greater difficulty than do other teenagers" (Greenberg 11). If untreated, as children with ADD grow older, they are more likely to experience drug abuse, antisocial behavior, conduct disorders and injuries.

Methylphenidate, also known as Ritalin, is a central nervous system stimulant and is not a new medication. In fact, it has been around for about thirty years and increasingly prescribed to treat Attention Deficit Disorder. "Since 10, Ritalin production is up 700 percent, and nearly 15 percent of America's school-age children are using psychiatric prescription drugs" (Colgan 61).

Ritalin has effects similar to, yet more potent than caffeine and less potent than amphetamines. It has a notably calming effect on hyperactive children and a focusing effect on those with ADD. Life can be hard on children with Attention Deficit Disorder. Ritalin allows them to concentrate and finish the homework, which they were once not able to. Until recently, most studies involve the short-term effectiveness of stimulants. "There is no information on the long-term outcomes of medication-treated ADHD individuals in terms of educational and occupational achievements, involvement with the police, or other areas of social functioning" (NIMH "ADHD-Questions and Answers").

First-hand experience, with children taking Ritalin, has influenced my opinion as to whether it is the right treatment for Attention Deficit Disorder, ADD. Working at an after school daycare, I have witnessed many temper tantrums and fights or arguments between children, as well as children and adults. Some, not all, of these children have either ADD or ADHD. On days where they have forgotten to take their medication, many of these incidences occur. I could definitely see a difference in their behavior and they do not seem like themselves. These children will lash out at other children and adults if they do not get their own way or like what they are told to do.

One incident sticks out in my mind; a boy threw a basketball at another boy for stealing the ball from him during a game. This boy was then told to go inside, sit down and put his head down. He then started to throw a temper tantrum, banged his head on the table and made his lip bleed. After threatening to send him up to the principal's office, he calmed down a little. For the rest of the day though, he was upset and just not his normal self.

Life can be hard for children with Attention Deficit Disorder. ADD frustrates many children because of the fact that they can not concentrate and seem to always get into trouble, whether it is at home or in school. They also are shunned by a lot of children because of the way they act and treat others. Some children are even too quiet or shy, so children do not even bother talking to them. The results Ritalin has on children with ADD, gives them a good self-image and higher self-esteem. These children do not get into as much trouble, which means they are not always being yelled at or punished. Their grades improve along with their social skills. Other children will now talk and play with them. As previously stated, if untreated, as children with ADD grow older, they are more likely to experience drug abuse, antisocial behavior, conduct disorders and injuries.

A little girl in my mother's Kindergarten class had trouble concentrating in school and always seemed to be in "la la land." Once diagnosed with ADD and treated with Ritalin, she had no problems focusing during class. A direct result of this was her grades improving tremendously. She also began talking more during class and with the other children. It was obvious that her self-esteem had greatly improved.

"According to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, Ritalin is considered a Class II Drug and a controlled substance...like cocaine, methamphetamine and methadone" (Methylphenidate). A drug becomes a controlled substance when it has the potential for abuse or addiction, yet the National Institute on Drug Abuse states that people with ADD, taking stimulant medication do not become addicted when taken in the form and amount prescribed ("Methylphenidate"). New research from the National Institute of Health explains why this is true. Oral doses of Ritalin take about sixty minutes to reach its peak.Concentration in the brain, compared to five minutes for cocaine or nine minutes for Ritalin taken intravenously. This is why people with Attention Deficit Disorder, taking Ritalin, do not experience a "high" from their medication and therefore do not abuse it ("New Research").

There are many cases where people who do not need to take it, abuse Ritalin. When abused, in order to get "high", Ritalin tends to be taken intravenously or snorted, showing the relevance of the form Ritalin it is taken in. The theft and abuse of these drugs overwhelmingly occurs in schools. A recent incident involved two teachers at a Tennessee school. These teachers had been caught stealing their students' Ritalin. Also, in Georgia, investigators are looking into the theft of over four hundred pills between two schools. In these two incidences, investigators thought the pills had been stolen for personal use or for re-selling on the street or to other students (Colgan 6).

Ritalin is the most commonly used stimulant medication and is the best treatment because it has a calming and focusing effect, increases confidence and self-esteem, and it has low abuse potential. It has been around for many years and most commonly used to treat those with Attention Deficit Disorder, ADD. Although Ritalin is not the "cure" for ADD, it is the best treatment and easiest for both the parents and children to deal with. Taking a pill has no effect on the child's daily routines. Where as, other treatments take a lot more time and effort on everyone's part, such as counseling, behavior modification and environmental changes. A combination of Ritalin along with these other treatments is the best chance for a child with ADD to live a "normal," and happy life. Ritalin alone is an enormous step in the right direction. Works Cite.Armstrong, Thomas, PhD. The Myth of the A.D.D. Child. 0 July 001 http//www.geocities.com/Hotsprings/8568/.Colgan, Craig. "Don't Bet Rattled Over Ritalin." The Education Digest. Feb. 001

60-6.Greenberg, Gregory S., and Wade F. Horn. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Illinois Research Press, 11.NIDA. "Methylphenidate (Ritalin)." National Institute on Drug Abuse. 5 Nov. 1. 8 July 001 http//www.nida.nih.gov/Infofax/Ritalin.html.NIH. "New Research Helps Explain Ritalin's Low Abuse Potential When Taken As Prescribed." National Institute of Health. Sept. 18. 6 July 001 http//www.nih.gov/news/pr/sept8/nida-.htm.NIMH. "A Treatment Study of Youth with Comorbid Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) and Anxiety Disorders." National Institute of Mental Health. 8 May 001. 4 July 001 http//www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/adhdanxietytrial.cfm.NIMH. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." National Institute of Mental Health. 16. 8 July 001 http//www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhd.cfm.NIMH. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Questions and Answers." National Institute of Mental Health. March 000. 1 July 001 http//www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhdqa.cfm.

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The House of Mirth

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Like the Edith Wharton novel that inspired it, Terence DaviesThe House of Mirth conceals rage beneath measured surface appearances. This is one of the saddest stories ever told about the traps that society sets for women. Perhaps its characters fear that if they ever really spoke their thoughts, their whole hose of cards, or mirth, would tumble down. And so they speak in code, and peoples lives are disposed of with trivial asides and brittle wit..The book tells the story of Lily Bart, a respectable member of new York society in her late 0s, who keenly feels it is time for her to be maried. Is there nothing else she can do? Apparently not; her upbringing has equipped her for no trade except marriage, and even Lawrence Selden, her would-be beau, observes disappionately.Lily is alone in the world, except for a rich maiden aunt, from whom she expects an inheritance. She lives in a world of lunches ad teas, house parties and opening nights, where she is no longer a fresh face. Lily has wanted to be financilly stable. She goes through life looking for a husband that can assure her a place in the leisure class, even though the shallow life is not the one that Lily appears to want. Instead, she continues to sabotage her destiny. Lily did not want to be an ordinary woman she wanted to be this popluar, rich high society person. It is here that we learn of some really important things about this character and her wild rather unrealistic ambitions.Even though Lily thought marriage was the solution to all her problems it became her demise.

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India-pakistan cold war

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As two nations united by history but divided by destiny, India and Pakistan are almost like two estranged siblings. Their rivalries over five decades have prevented both countries from realizing their full economic and geographical potential. The two countries have fought three wars, two of them over the disputed region of Kashmir. The region is small, but nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas, its strategic importance and beauty make it a prized possession." (CNN).There is no end to this bitter-peace battle between these two countries. Both countries want their independence as well as control over the much-disputed Kashmir. There are major differences, such as culture and religion, and economy. These are the reasons why India and Pakistan have been at war with each other for more than half a century. The 171 Civil War was also a consequence of the differences between these two diverse countries. This war is an example of the history behind the'hatred' that these countries have for each other. It will help to clarify some the reasons why India and Pakistan have been at war for so long and why they have not come to resolution..

The religious differences have been the foundation of the problems between India and Pakistan and are the main reason for their partition. Pakistan is a country in which the majority of people living there are Muslim and in India the majority are Hindu. "India stood for a secular, equitable polity based on the universally accepted idea that all men are created equal and should be treated as such. Pakistan was based on the premise that Hindus and Muslims of the Subcontinent constitute two different nationalities and cannot co-exist. The partition created two different countries with most Muslim majority areas of undivided India going to the newly created nation, Pakistan (Land of the Pure)." (Freeindia) Many people had to escape the violence and leave their homes for their safety, they had to leave behind everything they were familiar. Muslims left behind their homes in India and Indians fled Pakistan for a new life. "It is estimated over two million died from religious violence in the process." (Zia Mian) When the countries separated, they were said to be "birthed in violence and hatred" and it has only escalated for over half a century..

Another widely exposed crisis that Pakistan and India have encountered is Nuclear power testing. Since both countries are hostile and tense, which can cause a risk of nuclear conflict, there are many countries that are involved in trying to resolve these concerns before they become more problematic. But this is such a complicated issue, that it may be research paper in itself. To mention it as one of the major issues surrounding the India and Pakistan war is important. "Their nuclear weapons capability at the technological level was recognized along with their military ambitions, and all remained outside the 170 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NFT), which 186 nations have now signed. Both countries are opposed to the NFT, except for safety-related devices for new safeguard facilities." (Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 45) Neither country acknowledges the existence of Nuclear of their nuclear weapons programs. However, some experts believe that India may have enough fissile material for as many as 70 nuclear weapons and Pakistan has enough for 15. (Mian.

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The other issues leading up the 171 Civil war were quite complex, since East and West Pakistan were divided not only geographically but divided by many other crisises. The smaller part of Pakistan was East Pakistan and it was home to more than half the country's population and this was the area that Pakistan was most concerned with. Pakistan was trying to keep this part under control. These discrepancies weren't something that could be ignored. But, East Pakistan's Bengali people grew to feel that that was exactly what was happening. (angelfire.com) "They believed a West Pakistani elite held the country's political power. Eventually, a nationalist movement grew, demanding more autonomy for East Pakistan within the country. Then in early 171, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his Awami League Party won 167 out the 1 seats in the Pakistani government. The victory didn't sit well with West Pakistan, which had Mujibur Rahman arrested and his party banned. Rioting broke out in East Pakistan. West Pakistan sent in the military to quash the uprising. Nobody knows how many civilians died but estimates ranges from 00,000 to more than a million." (angelfire.com) These issues are what escalated into another war between India and Pakistan. There was no stability within Pakistan, politically, economically, or socially. Consequently Pakistan attempts to stabilize their country in other ways..East and West Pakistan were separated geographically by 1600 km of foreign territory, India. The East consisted mostly of Bengali-speaking population and West Pakistan was made up of mainly Punjabis, as well as, Sindhis, Pathans, Balochis, and Muslim refugees from India. (Freeindia) This division within a country has caused many internal problems for Pakistan. Pakistan has had far more difficult time in maintaining their national unity than India. "It lost part of this struggle in 171 when the nations eastern wing, East Pakistan, separated in a short but brutal civil war to become the independent state of Bangladesh. Sindhi, Baloch, and Pathan grievances against the dominant Punjabi majority remain serious." (Harrison et al) There were many reasons why Pakistan was unable maintain unity, some of the reasons were "Bangladesh was only one-fifth the size of Pakistan, it has a larger population. The two nations are very different. Pakistan is a mountainous nation with many ethnic groups, while most people in Bangladesh share the same culture. 8% of the people of Bangladesh speak Bengali, yet less than ten percent of Pakistanis speak Urdu, their official language."(Wilson. These uncertainties have only intensified and have not allowed Pakistan to be a united and strong country..

Both countries were striving to create a stronger country. They were both aware of the fact that another war could emerge at any time and that they needed to secure any allies for support as well as military endorsements. "August 171, Mrs. Gandhi signed a twenty-year Treat of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union, stipulating that if either party were "subjected to an attack or a threat thereof," the two would "immediately enter mutual consultations in order to remove such treaty and to take appropriate effective measures to ensure peace and security of their countries." (Wolpert, 8) At this time Pakistan was standing alone, although China and US were willing to support Pakistan, there was no support given to them during this war. "Pakistan was at the mercy of India." (Blood."On November , Pakistan's ambassador to the United States called a press conference to report that troops of three Indian divisions, supported by armor and air cover, had "made an all out attack on Jessore, Rangpore, Chittagong Hill Tracts, and Sylnet." Asked.if war was "imminent" between India and Pakistan, Ambassador Raza replied "The war is on. It is not imminent, but is on." (Wolpert, 8) This was the beginning of the civil war. It was not long after this that the war broke out and was another war that would set Pakistan behind even further.

The foundation of the major tribulations between India and Pakistan is Kashmir but there are other problems that extend much deeper than just this issue. Due to the fact that India and Pakistan still have not reached any sort of resolution to this point, has only complicated the matters further. Tensions were brewing and both countries seemed to be getting impatient with the other. "Confident that another war would be as much of a stalement as the 165 conflict, the Pakistanis got increasingly bold and finally on December 171 reacted with a massive coordinated air strike on several Indian Air Force stations in the West. At midnight, the Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi in a broadcast to the nation declared that India was at war with Pakistan." (freeindia)

International security was affected by these tensions for both India and Pakistan. The constant firings across what was called the'line of control' in Kashmir was mounting and both countries were apprehensive about what was to happen next. Pakistan then accepted an agreement made by the United States to support them. "United States military planners saw as a base for air operations against the central USSR and as a staging to ensure access to Middle East oil areas. Pakistan welcomed this relationship with United States. It soon joined two US led military alliances The Central Treaty Organization and the South East Asia Treaty Organization and began receiving hundreds of millions of dollars in military aid." (Harrison et al, 167) Pakistan believed they would be supported by the United States if they took any action against India.

Pakistan perhaps did not realize what the consequences would be by declaring war against India. India appeared as though they were prepared for what happened on that terrible night. "With total air superiority and popular support, India advanced quickly in the East, while fighting a "holding action in the West. The green, red, and gold banner of Bangladesh was unruffled in every town and village as the Indian army closed its ring of steel around Decca. On December Jessore was liberated amid cries of "Jai Bangla!" Six days later, India's chief-of-staff, General Sam Manekshaw, personally accepted Pakistani General Niazi's offer to surrender…The instrument of Surrender of All Pakistan Armed forces in Bangladesh was signed on December 15, 171. India declared ceasefire." (Wolpert, 0) The after math of this undeclared war was not something to celebrate, for either country. Pakistan's army as well as their economy suffered a great loss.'Their economy was on the brink of collapse.' Their hope to regain unity within their country or to recapture Kashmir was also shattered. For now, Pakistan and India had to face the results of this war.

"The spoils that went with victory, however, did not last long. Domestically, Indira Gandhi faced mounting problems of sluggish economic growth and social disorder. In an attempt to bolster her sagging fortunes she authorized an Indian nuclear test in Rajasthan desert in 174." This shows how India has begun another major turning point in the bloody history between India and Pakistan. Their history is one that repeats itself, they will continue to fight for what they believe in and acquire what they both want and that ultimately is Kashmir.

To conclude this abrupt civil war, in July of 17 India and Pakistan signed a bilateral Simla agreement so that both countries could restore their position to the way that it was before the war. Although this is impossible, the agreement states that "the two countries are resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed upon between them." Although this did not settle any of the matters concerning Kashmir, it seemed to have put that issue to side, but not for long..The danger of renewed war between Pakistan and India, both possessing nuclear weapons, is animate today as it was over half a century ago. The Indian government has said it has a policy to not use them but the Pakistani government has no such policy, and is thought to be ready to use them if faced with'conventional defeat'. (Wood et..

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