Interview with an elderly person

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I interviewed Neddy; he grew up in Gurthmore Rosmore Cashel Co. Tipperary in the 150s. He lived with his brother and two cousins who were orphaned when they were young in a two storey slate house. The house was relatively big for the time.

His parents were farmers and had 10 acres of land some of which was bag land where turf was cut. There were horses, sheep, cows, pigs, chicken, ducks and geese on the farm. They kept 1 milking shorthorn cows which were hand milked twice a day, the milk was taken to the creamery in Turaheen which was five miles away it would take around 40 minutes. The milk was transported by horse and cart. The horses they kept were Clydesdale and Irish Draft. The price of milk was 0 pence per gallon. On average a cow could be milked in five minutes and the average cow would give five gallons. They also kept 15 ewes and three to four pigs which were killed threw out the year; the meat was cured in salt and brown sugar for weeks. Hens were kept for eggs and the geese and ducks were also killed threw out the year.

Neddy went to Turaheen National School. His education finished after sixth class. He left school to work on the farm at home. He played hurling for Rossmore and went hunting with his friends they used shotguns and terriers; they sometimes went to a "dance" in the hall in Upperchurch..

There was much work to be done on the farm as in those days there was almost no machinery, everything was done by hand. Turf and wood was fuel for the fire, the turf was cut from there own bog, and wood was cut with a "tysic saw", it took two people to operate this saw one at either side.

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Most of the food consumed in the household was home grown. Turnips, carrots, potatoes (spuds), barley and cabbage were produced at home. Sowing these crops took a lot of hard work. The vegetables were grown on the garden with was a plot of acres of good soil near to the house. The spuds were the most important crop first of all the ground was ploughed with a Double Howard Plough which was pulled by a single horse preferably an Irish Draft as they would be better on there feet than a Clydesdale which could damage the drills with there feet. Then the "scillans" of the spuds were put in the drill an equal distance apart. These are like the seeds. The drills were then closed again by the plough and a "shake" of manure was put over the "scillans". The drills would now be "moulded" this meant the horse would pull u large flat kind of bolder this was just to flatten off the drills altogether. When the stem of the plant would appear they were sprayed with two gallons of "bluestone" (copper sulphate) and washing soda. This combination kept the blight off and was distributed with a "budget" which was a pump action spray. The drills would have to be constantly hoed to keep weeds away. When the spuds were ready for harvesting the plough would then open the drill again to get at the spuds below. They were then picked by hand. Later there was a "potato picker" which was pulled by a horse and the rotation of the wheels would turn arms at the back which would throw the spuds out of the drills and all you had to do then was pick them up. The spuds were then stored under some old straw outdoors for protection as sheds were not so plentiful then. Turnips were picked by hand after the plough had opened the drill. Turnips were also used as feed for the animals and a "pulper" mixed turnips and mangles together as feed for the animals. Cabbage and carrots were picked by hand. The barley was cut with a "bamford mower" and gathered with a "fifteen tooth gatherer" the neighbours would join together to "thrash" the barley, this was to separate the oats from the straw. Hay was also cut using a "bamford mower" and gathered using a "fifteen tooth gatherer".

On weekdays Neddy usually got up at a quarter to seven and in summer he sometimes worked until 1 that night if the weather was good. On Sundays he got up at 6 in the morning to have the cows milked and the milk gone to the creamery and to be back in time for mass at 10. Breakfast wasn't eaten until after mass as you had to fast before hand. There was a fair in Thurles on the first Tuesday of every month. This is where you sold your animals if you were selling them. The fair would be starting at 6am so he would have to leave home around 4am as you would be walking to Thurles with the animal you were selling, if you were selling an in calf heifer you would have to leave at 1 that night as she would be delicate and you couldn't rush her. You had to do your own dealing in those days so you did your best to find a buyer. Cattle weren't registered in those days and cattle were sometimes stolen. The fair would be over around 1 midday.

There was no vets in those days and if an animal got sick you either Penicillin or a mug of Poteen and hoped for the best. Poteen was illegal but easily obtained. Neddy said that if he ever had a cold or a chill he'd take a shot of Poteen and go to bed and he wouldn't wake up until 1 the next day..

At Christmas they had a special dinner. It was a three course meal of soup, turkey and vegetables and wine, and rice or cornflour for desert..

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The Birlings

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Mr. Birling, who is questioned by the Inspector first. Mr. Birling is described as heavy looking, rather portentous...in his middle fifties with fairly easy manners.... rather provincial in his speech. Birling is fairly successful in his line of work and is always trying to become better. He is selfish and slightly mean. He could even be described as old fashioned. However he is a warm character and he is also very nice to his family..Examples of this selfishness can be found a lot in the story. For example, on page seven of the book, Mr. Birling rambles on about such nonsense like The unsinkable Titanic, very little chance of a World War and of Russia being technically and socially behind Mr. Birling feels that he is never wrong.Mr. Birling first met Eva Smith when she came to work in his factory two years before she died. Mr. Birling started off the chain of events, which lead to Evas death by firing her from her job for asking for a pay-rise and for organizing a strike.. Mr. Birling shows relatively little guilt for Evas death, but feel that he is not responsible because at the end of the play he does feel very guilty when the Inspector says his final speech. He says, Look Inspector-Id give thousands-yes thousands. showing that he did in fact begin to accept some of the blame. Also he did behave, as many other managers of that time would have done. Money was a precious thing and if a manager spotted a troublemaker who could cause him to lose profits he had to get rid of the problem..

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Sheila Birling is questioned next by the Inspector. Sheila is the daughter of Mr. Birling and is described as, a pretty girl in her early twenties...pleased about life...excited She is probably a sweet lively young girl who appreciates life. She sometimes is quite mean and immature..Sheila first became acquainted with Ms Smith when Eva received a job at Milwards, a well-known clothing store. Sheila and her mother went to this store quite often. Eva worked as sales assistant at this store and Sheila got Eva fired when she lost her temper at her for smiling at her in a way, which she found offensive. Sheila could be compared to her father as she too helped to cause Evas death by getting her sacked from her job. When she heard of Ms Smiths death, Sheila feels immediately responsible and wishes to take on all of the blame. As she feels so guilty when in fact she did relatively little, I believe that Sheila is not to blame. She also continues to feel guilty after learning that there was not an Eva Smith..Gerald is the next character to be interrogated by the Inspector. Gerald is a calm and sensible person, liked very much by Mr. and Mrs. Birling and liked by Eric also. Gerald is a well-mannered man who is generally a nice person..His involvement with Eva Smith or as she is now known, Daisy Renton, started out very honorably. His tale starts in a bar where he spots Daisy being cornered by a drunken Aldermann Meggarty. He then learns of her homelessness and offers a flat for her to live in for the moment. He gave Daisy everything which she craved for at that point in her life, a home, food, money and the thing which she craved most of all; companionship. She soon became his mistress but Gerald broke it off and did not see her again. Although Gerald could be seen as a user, stringing her along as long as he needed her, he did provide her with some happiness for a long time, something that she had not had for a long time. As he cared for her and felt guilty when he knew who she was I feel that Gerald is only partly to blame. He is however more to blame than Sheila, as he does not care about the girl to greatly until he learns that he knew of her. He then doesnt care after he learns that Daisy did not really die, instead of feeling guilty for what he did do to her..Eric Birling was associated with Eva due to his relationship with her. Eric is seen as immature and much like his sister. He is described as, much less at ease than his sister... half shy, half assertive..Eric met this girl at the Palace Bar, a place popular for young ladies who wanted to find young men. He began talking to her and he then offered to take her home whereupon he forced his way into her house and made love to her. His excuse for his behavior was primarily that he was drunk. He continued to see her for some time before she told him that she thought that she was pregnant. She refused to take any money from Eric, as she knew that it was stolen from his fathers business and she also refused to do what was at that time considered to be the decent thing and marry Eric because she knew that he did not love her. She decided to get help from the local organization for Brumleys Women. Eric, although immoral and irresponsible in his actions, did offer to support her and was even prepared to go and steal from his own fathers business in order to do so..Eric also continued to feel guilty after learning that there was no Daisy, just as his sister did. All of this shows that Eric, despite all of his actions, did try to do what was right afterwards and therefore should not have the most blame put on his conscience..I thought that Mrs. Birling was the most to blame because her actions were chosen with no thought whatsoever to what the consequences may be or whether what she was doing was right. Mrs. Birling is described as about fifty in age...cold.... her husbands social superior.... unaffected by the Inspectors interrogation....All the way through the act Mrs. Birling has no guilt for what has happened to this girl. To her, the very matter of the death is beneath her and her family. In her mind, the death is a great shame, but nothing to do with her and nothing for her to worry about..Mrs. Birling met Daisy two weeks before her supposed death. Daisy came to the Brumley Womens Charity Organization appealing for money and help to support her child. Abortion was out of the question as it was not in legal practice at this time. As Daisys child was conceived with Eric, she chose to take his surname. Mrs. Birling took this offensively, thinking that the girl meant to be mean and lost her temper, which led her to become against her case from the start.Mrs. Birling does not feel at all guilty for the girls death and her view does not change at all during the duration of the play. She remains cold and stone-faced even when every other member of the family has been accused and has accepted the blame..She sees Sheila as immature and naive throughout the play and does not realize how much Sheila matures towards the end of the play. She constantly puts her down, telling her to stop being a," hysterical young girl..My main reason for thinking that Mrs. Birling is responsible is because she was not Mrs. Birling carried out her actions with no thought to what effects it could have and then continued to dismiss her mistake after the death. For these reasons I feel that if anyone, she is the most to blame. The majority of the audience will agree with my..

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Human Excellence: Iliad, Genesis and Meno

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Human Excellence Iliad, Genesis and Men.

The concept of the perfect man or woman has always existed throughout the history of humankind. In the three classical texts of the Iliad, Genesis and Meno, there are portrayals of the ideal human qualities, as reflections on their specific culture and times. It would be of great interest to examine what exactly these qualities are, and in what respects they differ or are similar. If there is a single concept of human perfection then there must be a definite set of qualities which define it. It is the goal of this paper to discover whether such an ideal exists, and if it does, then to ultimately reveal what constitutes it.

But how can we tell in each of these texts what is held as the human ideal? In the case of the Iliad it is that which is portrayed as glorius and magnificent, such as a victory scene after battle, or a warrior gloating over the body of his fallen opponent. In Meno it is whatever Socrates and Meno agree to be virtue. For Genesis it is slightly more complicated, due to the unique relationship between God and the humans over which he has supreme dominion. Since God created man in his own image (Genesis.17) he obviously wants humans to resemble him in everyway. Thus it can be said that the qualities shown by the characters upon whom god looks favorably are those which constitute human excellence in this text.

A brief overview of the three texts is in order. The Iliad has a central theme of war and human conflict, with the concept of the war hero being prevalent. Genesis takes place in a primeval world of essentially naive humans being watched over by God. In Meno, the setting is an ancient, yet civilised, society in which there are sophisticated citizens and institutions.

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These different backgrounds, as expected, nurture different opinions on the human ideal. In the Iliad it is highly regarded to be skillful in combat and to be able to subjugate a foe by force, whereas in Genesis there is no mention of any organised fighting at all. In Meno the only reference to combat is made only in passing when Socrates mentions that the Thessalians were admired for their horsemanship(Meno,70b).

It is inevitable that when such an emphasis is placed on the ability to fight, the role of woman is significantly marginalised. Women, being the physically weaker sex, were naturally not expected to contribute directly to fighting. (Athena and Hera do not count as they are goddessed, not normal women.) Consequently, the female ideal differs totally from the male ideal; she is expected to be a good wife and mother, and bear her husband many sons, presumably to keep alive the honour of the father on the battlefield long after he is gone. The women in the Iliad derive their sense of worth from their relation to the warrior in their lives - son, husband or father - since they have no separate identity of their own.

The women in Genesis appear to fulfill much the same role - as mothers and wives - although they are given greater prominance. Sarah, perhaps the closest to the ideal, embodied the few most important qualities of womanhood; she was obedient, utterly faithful, and loved her husband. There is a a slight change of emphasis from spiritual to practical in the Meno, where the model woman must manage the home well, preserve its possessions, and be submissive to her husband (Meno,71e).

On the topic of gender it is beyond dispute that in each of the three texts the plot revolves around male characters. Thus in the search for human excellence in these texts it is assumed that that the qualities ascribed as such are without reference to female characters, unless specifically mentioned, as in the above paragraphs.

Returning to the topic of primary (male) characteristics, courage in battle is of also great importance in the context of the Iliad. It is a prerequisite for a warrior as without courage it would not be possible to face the enemy, much less possible death. Hektor exemplifies this ideal when he choses to remain outside the walls of Troy to front Achilleus, despite his premonition that he is certain to die. But the trait of bravery is not necessarily restricted to the battlefield - it has applications to a wide range of human endeveours. When god orders Abram to depart for the promised land Abram shows courage to face to the unknown. Joseph must have had great bravery and resolve to have survived the emotional trauma of being betrayed by his brothers and then sold as a slave. In Meno courage is mentioned, but appears to be of little significance, perhaps because of the lack of circumstances in a relatively civilized society which would require the possesion of such a quality.

The warriors of the Iliad fight to obtain honor or fame, which is very important to them. Social standing is based chiefly on ability in battle, the number of soldiers commanded, family reputation, and past record of battle successes or failures. A warriors goal in life is the quest for enduring fame. This is illustrated when Hektor, before he rides out to battle, cradles his infant son and his foremost wish is for him to one day be a great warrior. In this scene Hektor is fitted in his mighty armor, a sight which scares the innocent child, and readers are reminded of how much the warriors ideal is distorted from what is natural and beautiful.

In Meno the pursuit of fame is notably less stressed. Meno says that virtue consists of being able to manage public affairs (Meno.71e), which implies that carrying out ones duty is more important than individual success. Genesis appears to completely disregard fame, and there is emphasis on duty as well. The duty of a father to provide for his family, and the devotion of wife to take care of the family, are evident in the extensive familial structures portrayed.

When discussing duty, Socrates and Meno talk about not only doing the task well, but doing it moderately and justly (Meno7.b). They think that fairness and honesty are important virtues. In the Iliad all the warriors respect an unwritten code of conduct which governs how they are to behave both on and off the battlefield. For example they are not allowed to attack women or children, and a certain degree of mercy is expected to be shown towards wounded or defenseless participants in battle. It is rather ironic that Genesis, about the education of humankind, appears to regard such values with contempt. After Jacob tricks his brother Esau out of his father Noahs blessing, he receives no punishment from God. The fact that this event is a key part of the storyline without which the story would not be possible only adds to the significance of Gods condoning of dishonest behavior. In general the actions of God can be viewed as unfair and bully-like, and his decisions appear to be arbitrary, or in response to a whim.

Much of what is taught to the characters in Genesis has to do with faith in God. He expects humans to have total faith and trust in him and his words. Noah walked with God (Genesis.6) because he obeyed god without question when he told him to build an ark. It appears to be one of Gods main aims to make humans trust him, and therefore, by the definition set, faith is something good. In the Iliad the warriors are heavily reliant on the gods to grant them favors and help them to win battles. The fact that their trust in the gods actually yields them rewards identifies this as a favorable characteristic. Even Socrates and Meno declare piety a virtue. So far faith in a divinity has been the only value to which the characters of all three texts ascribe.

Out of the three texts Meno is the most practical one in that it addresses the topic of human excellence directly. Thus it would be of use to examine come of the comments made by Socrates and Meno on the topic of virtue. Meno proposes that virtue is to desire beautiful things and have the power to acquire them.(Meno.77b) He goes on to reason that since anyone can desire beautiful things but not everybody is capable of securing them, then this idea of virtue can be simplied to the capacity to acquire good things (Meno.78c). In the context the Meno this ideal of human excellence is to be able to obtain wealth, health, honors, or respectable offices.

Expanding this concept to the Iliad, it can be seen that the pursuit of good things is the universal motivating force behind the actions of the characters. Agammenon desires the slave-girl Chryseis and has the power to take her away from Achilleus, so he does. The individual warriors enter battle with the desire to obtain honor and fame, but it is only those who succeed whom are portrayed in a positive light. In Genesis the essentially simple characters have their unique little desires; the woman in Eden wants to taste the fruit from the Forbidden Tree, Sarah wants to have children, and Jacobs sons want to kill their brother Joseph. As with the last example, this universal desire and ability to do things is not necessarily good. Simply having the power to achieve ones personal goals does not require that those goals are good at all. Thus, it is the power, not what the power allows for, that is the admirable quality.OOOOOOO.courage in battle, and athletic prowess are held in high regard in the Iliad, whereas in the Genesis such an ideal is not mentioned at all. Ownership of special weapons and armor bring pride to the bearer and their importance is reflected in the detailed descriptions of the crafted beauty the artifacts, and in Achilles armor in particular in Ch?. Before commencing one-to-one combat participants list their past honors and victories and famous ancestors, to display to their opponents their worth. The warriors in the Iliad share common value system that is unwritten, but mutually understood. Group activities allow warriors to confirm their worth. Men who do not fight in the Iliad are considered to have little value to society and consequently have little social standing and are given little attention in the book. Old men who cannot fight do to their age are also looked down upon, and surprising given very little reverence for their wisdom as in other Homeric epics such as the Odyssey. Old men who were once great warriors do, however, command more in terms of respect, but ultimately they are still second to the presently able-bodied warrior.

The precedence of the warrior culture is evident when.

Behavior which is considered to be bad and unbecoming are fleeing battle, and other variations of the theme of losing face. The avoidance of shame appears to be a preoccupance, and will be carried out to such a degree that sometimes death is preferable to it, as in when Hektor chooses to remain outside the walls of Troy and face Achilles, even though he is very certain he will die.

In the Iliad there is no such relationship between the gods and humans as there is in Genesis. Although the gods are also presumably all-powerful, there are many deities, and each one appears to have different agendas. Their aim is not to protect the humans as such, nor is it to lead or teach them, but it seems as if the gods enjoy manipulating humans for their own pleasure. Thus any traits that are shown by the gods are not important it does not represent the ideal of how the gods want humans to be.

In Genesis, the definition of the ideal human being can be easily summarized as he or she who resembles god. Since man is mad in the image of god and god wants people to be like him, then presumably gods picture of goodness in humans is resemblance of himself. From this it can be said that in Genesis, the determination of what constitutes the ideal human being is entirely with god. So what god desires humans to be like is the model of human excellence.

God seems to reward other kinds of actions; he gave Abraham a son because of his kindness to strangers, spared Lot because of his hospitality, and came to Josephs aid because he showed himself worthy by his chastity and magnanimity.

Bad human traits in Genesis are synonymous with sin. All sins are bad in the eyes of god, and so whatever constitutes a sin is also a undesirable human quality, and is punished appropriately. The first sin was that of Adam and the woman eating the Forbidden fruit disobedience, doing against the will of god, lack of faith in god, impiety.

The serpent showed cleverness and maliciousness, but because of the way he used his intelligence for evil, he is punished and characterized as bad. In contrast to Meno where wisdom or cleverness, or agility of the mine - whatever one calls it- is valued as an admirable trait.In Meno.Good initially HE defined as being good at something which is valued by society, so HE depends on what society values/ (ie quote 70b.-argument of virtue differing for man, woman, child (71e.-is X a virtue or virtue.Justice, moderation, courage, munificenc.Ba.

Traits which are common to all three texts appear to be those to do with human kindness and magnanimity towards each other. In the Iliad pity for a heavily wounded warrior is shown by Achilles. In Genesis god favors ? for his hospitality towards strangers and god himself spares Lot out of his own mercy. In Meno there is no direct mention of the desirable trait of human compassion, although appropriate behavior in the form of justice or fairness is mentioned.

The idea of the perfect human would not be complete without mention of human capability and skill. In the Iliad the emphasis is on skill and strength in battle, the ability to conquer ones foes. In Meno the differing social situation here places importance on being able to manage public affairs and in so doing to benefit his friends and harm his enemies and to be careful that no harm come to himself (Meno 71.e)..

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Emma to Clueless - a transformation

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If viewed independently, Clueless appears to be a stereotypical teenpic, not encompassing any obvious depth. However, if examined in relation to Austen's Emma, Clueless can be seen in a new dimension. That is, a successful transformation of Emma, in terms of re-presenting "traditional" themes. On the other hand, this success is somewhat undermined by Heckerling's use of language, characterization and her blatant trivialization of Emma's thematic and plot intricacies. All of these factors, whether enhancing or devaluing to the original Emma, contribute to portraying the majority of aspects (such as characters, themes, plot, setting and style) in a new context; that is from Austen's slow pace society the quick paced life of the 10s teenager, thus confirming that Clueless should continue to be studied in schools, though only in conjunction with Austen's Emma (to show the transformation clearly).A film text uses both visual and aural techniques in developing characters and establishing themes. Combining these techniques allows the audience to distinguish deeper meanings, i.e. reading between the lines, as the viewing material is consistently interesting and relevant, rather than mundane or monotonous. The tone of the actors voice, with a dramatic roll of the eyes, quickly express a character's feelings, which words would take up to a few paragraphs to depict. The key factor in transforming Clueless from old fashioned to updated "reality" is this alteration of speed between the texts..Emma is a four and a half hundred-page novel that takes at least a couple of weeks to read, mainly due to the considerable length of time devoted to establishing characters, setting and plot. Heckerling embraces the fast pace lifestyle of teenagers and uses it to gain audience attention when the film begins. The loud music along with quick changing, oblique camera angles establish the characters, their activities and their carefree attitude to life. Small conversations can take minutes to read and hours to compose but to hold audience attention they need to be short, sweet and humorous. This is achieved in Clueless as conversations last only seconds allowing the plot to keep moving.In transforming a text, language to a certain extent must be altered to suit the times. Austen uses typical nineteenth century phrases such as "she would detach her from bad acquaintance, and introduce her into good society". The equivalent quote in Clueless is "Ooh, Project!" By altering the language and decreasing the spoken text, Heckerling creates a relatable text, one that is so easily understood and absorbed by a modern audience, that it degrades the eloquence of the original Emma.

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Clueless is a successful transformation of the traditional values displayed in Emma. Both texts display dominant links to the following theme.•Social status is reliant on personal relationships, wealth and imag.•Finding a successful romance is the "happy ending.•A child's personal development relies on successful parental inpu.In relation to Emma, Clueless also shows how time (and social/cultural changes) has dissolved the past intimacies between family members. All of these themes are apparent in the relationships between and the behaviour of the main characters in each text.Both texts end with what the audience considers a happy ending; Josh and Cher begin a "serious" relationship together, whilst Mr. Knightley and Emma proclaim their vows through marriage. This particular traditional value is altered to suit the times, but still prevails as on of the dominant themes of both texts. As the characters of Clueless are only in their late teens, it is inappropriate for them to get married, thus Heckerling adapts the plot so a marriage still occurs, between Miss Guiest and Mr. Hall, and the audience sees that Cher and Josh, Tai and Trevor and Dion and Murray are committed to each other (mainly seen through the girl's incoherent babblings concerning their future wedding plans and motifs).Social status is reliant on personal relationships, wealth and image is another value present in both texts, and is represented in Clueless. In Emma, Harriet persuaded by Emma's delusions that she should aim to marry someone of higher class (i.e. Mr. Elton) and not the man she is unknowingly in love with (i.e. Mr. Martin). The same incident is transposed to Clueless. When Tai (Brittany Murphy) expresses an interest in Travis (Breckin Meyer) - a loadie Cher (Alicia Silverstone) quickly uses her influence "as someone [one month] older" to guide Tai away from him - as "no respectable girl actually dates them [loadies]". Parallel to Emma, Cher persuades herself and Tai, that Elton is a much more suitable suitor, especially once Tai has debuted as a girl of (dubious) high social status. Elton's rejection of Tai as a suitable'match' enforces the social barriers created by wealth and image. Elton replies to Cher's confusion - "Don't you know who my father is?!" A similar reply is received from Mr. Elton's who condescendingly explains, "Everyone has their level".Though both Emma and Cher influence the status of Harriet and Tai greatly, the creation of this high status through image is enforced in only Clueless. The high consumer demand and instant gratification levels produced throughout the highly economical and technological advancements of the 180's left a severe aftermath. That is a 0's world reliant on personal image and possessions for grading one's self, as opposed to the "traditional" values of behavioural attributes and personal talents. Cher demands only most apt clothes and matching accessories, emphasized by her "outfit management" software. Even when Cher is held at gunpoint, she fails to recognise the gravity of the situation, as she is occupied with the inevitability of ruining her "totally important designer" dress. Cher's emotional maintenance techniques consist of regular trips to the mall, never leaving empty handed. Furthermore, when Tai is introduced to Cher's P.E. class, someone mutters; "She could be a farmer in those clothes". This is both a play on Mr. Robert Martin (the farmer) and an indication that her taste in attire is not appropriate for her to reside among the high-level socialites, a factor which dominates Dion and Cher's "make-over" efforts..The final dominant theme of both texts, is the belief that a child's personal development relies on successful parental input. The audience views both Emma and Cher as spoiled and sheltered individuals, lacking discipline and moral dignity. Both of their mothers died during Emma/Cher's early childhood and perhaps not as a direct result, live with an overindulgent father. Cher's modern situation, means that Emma's mentally vacant father is transformed into a disciplinary and morally vacant father. (For example he is ecstatic when Cher's reveal that she argues her way from a C to a B-minus, as his position as a litigator relies on such personal traits...

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Health and Nutrition

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Nutrition is the relationship of foods to the health of the human body ..Proper nutrition means that you are receiving enough foods and supplements for.the body to function at optimal capacity. It is important to remember that no.single nutrient or activity can maintain optimal health and well being, although.

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it has been proven that some nutrients are more important than others. All of.the nutrients are necessary in different amounts along with exercise to maintain.proper health..There are six main types of nutrients used to maintain body health..They are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water . They.all must be in balance for the body to function properly. There are also five.major food groups. The groups are fats and oils, fruits and vegetables, dairy.products, grains, and meats..Exercise is also an important part of nutrition. Exercise helps tone.and maintain muscle tissue and ensure that the bodys organs stay in good.condition. Healthy eating without exercise will not result in good nutrition.and a healthy body - neither will exercise without nutrition. The most.important thing about exercise is that it be practiced regularly and that it be.practiced in accompaniment with a healthy diet. It is also desirable to.practice more that one sport as different sports exercise different areas of the.body. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the sources of energy for the body..The contained energy is expressed in calories. There are calories per gram in.fat and there are about 4 calories per gram in proteins and carbohydrates ..Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. This energy is mostly.used for muscle movement and digestion of food. Some sources of carbohydrates.are grains, fruits, vegetables, and anything else that grows out of the ground..The energy in carbohydrates is almost instantly digested. This results in a.quick rise in blood sugar which is soon followed by a drop in blood sugar which.is interpreted by the body as a craving for more sugars. This sugar low may.also result in fatigue, dizziness, nervousness, and headache. However, not all.carbohydrates do this. Most fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains are.digested more slowly. Fats, which are lipids, are the source of energy that is.the most concentrated. Fats produce more that twice the amount of energy that.is in carbohydrates or proteins. Besides having a high concentration of energy,.fat acts as a carrier for the fat soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K. Also, by.helping in the absorption of vitamin D, fats help make calcium available to.various body tissues, in particular, the bones and teeth. Another function of.fat is to convert carotene to vitamin A. Fat also helps keep organs in place by.surrounding them in a layer of fat. Fat also surrounds the body in a layer that.preserves body temperature and keeps us warm. One other function of fat is to.slow the production of hydrochloric acid thereby slowing down digestion and.making food last longer. Some sources of fats are meats and nuts as well as.just plain oils and fats. Proteins, besides water, are the most plentiful.substance in the body. Protein is also one of the most important element for.the health of the body. Protein is the major source of building material in the.body and is important in the development and growth of all body tissues..Protein is also needed for the formation of all hormones. It also helps.regulate the bodys water balance. When proteins are digested they are broken.down into simpler sections called amino acids. However, not all proteins will.contain all the necessary amino acids. Most meat and dairy products contain all.necessary amino acids in their proteins. Proteins are available from both.plants and animals. However, Animal proteins are more complete and thus.desirable. Knowledge of the nutrients and their function is essential to.understanding the importance of good nutrition. As mentioned above, there are.six nutrients. All vitamins are organic food substances that are found only in.living things, plants and animals . It is believed that there are about twenty.substances that are active as vitamins in human nutrition . Every vitamin is.essential to the proper growth and development of the body. With a few.exceptions, the body cannot make vitamins and must be supplied with them..Vitamins contain no energy but are important as enzymes which help speed up.nearly all metabolic functions. Also, vitamins are not building components of.body tissues, but aid in the construction of these tissues. It is impossible to.reliably determine the vitamin requirements of an individual because of.differences in age, sex, body size, genetic makeup, and activity. A good source.of a recommendation is the RDA. The RDA makes its recommendations based on.studies of consumption of the given nutrient. On the recommendation it will.usually specify what size diet the recommendation is based on, for example, a.two thousand calorie per day diet. It is harmless to ingest excess of most.vitamins. However, some vitamins are toxic in large amounts. Vitamin A is a fat.soluble vitamin which is only available in two forms. Pre-formed, which is.found in animal tissue. The other is carotene, which can be converted into.Vitamin A by animals . Carotene is found in easily found in carrots as well as.other vegetables . Vitamin A is important to the growth and repair of body.tissues and helps maintain a smooth, soft, and disease free skin. It also helps.protect the mucus membranes of the mouth, nose, throat, and lungs which reduces.the chance of infection. Another function is helping mucus membranes combat the.effects of air pollutants. Vitamin A also protects the soft lining of all the.digestive tract. Another function of vitamin A is to aid in the secretion of.gastric juices. The B complex vitamins have many known sub-types, but they all.are water soluble vitamins. The B vitamins can be cultivated from a variety of.bacteria, yeast, fungi, or molds . They are active in the body by helping the.body convert carbohydrates into glucose, a form of sugar. B vitamins are also.vital in the metabolism of proteins and fats. They are also the single most.important element in the health of the nerves. B vitamins are also essential.for the maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract, the health of the skin, hair,.eyes, mouth, liver, and muscle tone. The intestine contain a bacteria that.produces vitamin b but milk-free diets, and taking sulfonamides or antibiotics.can destroy these bacteria . Whole grains contain high concentrations of B.complex vitamins. Also, enriched bread and cereal products contain high.concentrations of B vitamins due to a governmental intervention of the whole.food group to ensure that the nation was getting enough B vitamins Vitamin C,.also known as ascorbic acid, is a water soluble vitamin. It is sensitive to.oxygen and is the least stable of all vitamins . One primary function of.vitamin C is to maintain collagen, a protein necessary for the formation of skin,.ligaments, and bones. Vitamin C also plays a role in healing of burns and.wounds because it aids the formation of scar tissue. It also helps form red.blood cells and prevent hemorrhaging. Another function is to prevent the.disease, scurvy, which used to be seen in sailors because of their lack of.vitamin C in their diet. This was corrected by issuing each sailor one lime per.day which supplied citric acid, a source of vitamin C. Other sources include.broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Strawberries, Oranges, and grapefruits . Vitamin E.is a fat soluble vitamin which is made up of a group of compounds called.tocoherols. There are seven forms of it but the form known as Alpha tocoherol.is the most potent . Tocoherols occur in the highest concentrations in cold.pressed vegetable oils, all whole raw seeds and nuts, and soybeans. Vitamin E.plays an essential role in cellular respiration of all muscles, especially the.cardiac and skeletal. It makes these muscles able to function with less oxygen,.thereby increasing efficiency and stamina. It also is an antioxidant, which.prevents oxidization. This prevents saturated fatty compounds from breaking.down and combining to form toxic compounds. Minerals are nutrients that exist.in the body and in organic and inorganic combinations . There are approximately.seventeen minerals that are necessary in human nutrition . Although only about.four or five percent of the body weight is mineral matter, minerals are.important to overall mental and physical health. All of the bodys tissues and.fluids contain some amount of mineral. Minerals are necessary for proper muscle.function and many other biological reactions in the body. Minerals are also.important in the production of hormones. Another important function of minerals.is to maintain the delicate water balance of the body and to regulate the.bloods pH. Physical and emotional stress causes a strain on the bodys supply.of minerals. A mineral deficiency often results in illness, which may be.treated by the addition of the missing mineral to the diet. Calcium, a primary.mineral, is available through dairy products. In order to get all the other.minerals, one should eat protein rich foods, seeds, grains, nuts, greens, and.limited amounts of salt or salty foods. Nutrition is just one aspect of total.body health. It is important to remember that on must compliment good nutrition.with good exercise and emotional health in order to achieve complete well being..It is also important to remember that no one part of nutrition will completely.fulfill the bodys requirements for health..

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Animal testing

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Annually, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests in order to determine the safety of cosmetics. Substances like eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, dogs, and many other animals, despite the fact that the test results do not help prevent or treat human illness or injury..Cosmetics are not required to be experimented on animals, and since non-animal alternatives exist, its difficult to understand why some companies still choose to conduct these brutal and unnecessary tests. Cosmetic companies murder millions of animals every year just to put a few more dollars into their pockets. The companies who perform these tests claim that they establish the safety of both the products and their components. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates cosmetic products, does not require animal testing in any way, shape, or form. Some of the tests used on animals are eye, toxicity, and skin irritant tests..In eye irritant tests, a liquid, flake, granule, or powdered material is placed directly into the eyes of rabbits. The animals are often immobilized in cages from which only their heads may show. They do not receive anesthesia during the tests. After placing the irritants into the rabbits eyes, scientists record the damage to the eye tissue at specific intervals over a period of seventy-two hours. The tests sometimes can last anywhere from seven, up to eighteen days. Side effects from these experiments include swollen eyelids, ulceration, bleeding, swollen irises, massive deterioration, and blindness. During the tests, rabbits eyelids are usually held open with clips. Many animals break their necks while restrained, attempting to escape..Toxicity tests, otherwise known as lethal dose or poisoning tests, record the amount of a material that will kill a percentage, sometimes even up to one-hundred percent, of a group of lab animals. In these tests, a liquid is forced into the animals stomach linings, and through holes slit in their throats. Scientists observe the animals reactions which may be convulsions, severe asthma attacks, malnutrition, rashes, boils, and bleeding from facial features. This test was developed in 17 and the testing continues until at least fifty percent of the animals die. Like eye irritant tests, lethal dose tests are unreliable and have too many variables to have an accurate result..

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Alternatives to cosmetic testing are far less expensive and more accurate. Animals obviously have different biological systems than humans, and therefore the tests cannot be as accurate as the current tests of modern day science. Some animal-free alternatives are cell and tissue cultures, corneas from eye banks, and sophisticated computer and mathematical models. Companies may also calculate a formula using ingredients already proven safe by the FDA. Most cruelty-free companies use a combination of many methods to ensure the safety of a product..Lobbying by animal welfare groups has resulted in federal, state, and local legislation severely restricting animal experimentation. Under the U.S. Animal Welfare Act, all animals used in biomedical research must be bought from vendors licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA inspects laboratories where animals are used and enforces federal laws regarding treatment and care of the animals. Scientists have also taken action to prevent the abuse of the animals, in part because abused animals may not result in reliable data. The American Physiological Society, the National Institutes of Health, and many other organizations have joined together in order to lay down guidelines and rules for the use and treatment of experimental animals. Currently, there are also many universities with animal welfare committees..In a national survey conducted by the American Medical Association, seventy-five percent of Americans are against using animals in cosmetic testing. Hundreds of companies have responded by switching to cruelty-free test methods. To help put an end to animal testing, people can stop buying products that were tested on animals, call or write to these companies, or write to your congressional representative about the alternatives that currently exist..

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Hester Prynne: Puritan Victim

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Hester Prynne Puritan Victi.

In the first several chapters of The Scarlet Letter we can understand Hester Prynne to be a good but misunderstood soul. Labeled as an adulteress, she is the victim of the Puritan lifestyle. A person with many positive traits, she is treated as a terrible person for one unholy act. Far from the evil woman that some of her neighbors see, Hester is a strong, proud and loyal person who resists the worst influences of her community.

Once Hester has begun to wear the scarlet letter in public and is interrogated, she holds out against the preachers in a great display of strength. Reverend Dimmesdale is the first to try to entice her to divulge her accomplice's name. After his sweet speech brings all the listeners "into one accord of sympathy" ( 5), no one dares to think that she will not give the name of her partner. She withholds the name with determination, and even the goading calls of the crowd do not make her waver. Probably the greatest example of her strength and perseverance is when the clergyman gives a discourse on sin, continuously making references to the letter. Despite all of these pressures, she does not give in to any of the temptations that challenge her throughout her punishment.

Hester's loyalty is most revealed when Roger Chillingsworth demands that she tell him her partner's name. Trying to convince her that this unknown man has wronged them both, he asks her for his name so that they may both get revenge upon him. After already enduring all she thought she could handle during her display, this request challenges Hester nearly to the point of conceding,but her sense of loyalty rejuvenates her moral resistance. She prevails and keeps his secret, forcing her husband to seek the man by himself. Even though her partner is probably destined to be caught, either by the authorities or by Roger Chillingsworth, Hester's loyalty makes her refuse to be responsible for his capture.

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Strong and loyal, hester is also very proud. As she emerges from the prison, the most contemptuous women of the town are waiting for her. At first she tries to cover up her mark of sin, but then she realizes that attempting to hide it would only bring on more shame, so she reveals to everyone the letter sewn into her clothes. She has turned what was supposed to be an ugly label into a beautifully embroidered symbol. The letter already upsets her critics with its lavish anti-Puritan design, and it shows her rebellion against her punishment. She refuses to accept the shame as intended, and instead she bears her child and the scarlet letter proudly.

Overall, Hester is portrayed as a noble woman. We can see that although she is branded by the puritans as despicable, she is really a beautiful person. Hester has a powerful personality, and is loyal to her own conscience and to the father of her child. She knows that her actions were wrong, but her pride keeps her from accepting the humiliation that the Puritan community tries to heap upon her. Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorn.

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