Radioactivity

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Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.

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Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph..Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph..Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph..Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph..Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph...

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Persuasive essay topics for high school

There is certainly a fantastic approach to dispute, having the the majority of delicate or even smooth, polite methods suitable for wide array of visitors, apart from generally used within academic creating. Thus, persuasive essay topics may be witnessed among college article argumentative papers and other subject matters. It's viewed as specific sort of article the purpose of that isn't simply promoting certain details for your readers, but in addition persuasion with all the readers, creating this impact the way the creator can be quite competent with the current economic subject, share their ideas along with attain the public appreciation.Persuasive essay topics might furthermore actually build a great persuasion get the powerful argues, data to assist the thought along with convince the target audience by making use of certain stylistic products. Excellent persuasive essay topics aren't so simple to learn. Many college students generally encounter the problems concerning search in the proper powerful composition topic. It's hard to get started on, plus the introduction of the article composing typically commences out of your topic. Proper essay compose needs seeking the best option persuasive essay topics to handle certain issue.Research into the general audience is not really less crucial. The actual notion and effect across the essay straight depends on the folks getting the info communicated out of your story. A good suggestion is when the scholars before writing must be checked with all the experts from the industry, in addition to get the reasons appropriate enough to get papers. Would seem impossible to comes about that this writer in the composition can simply neglect the crowd and in addition may be unsuccessful within offering the actual suggestions clear enough to influence it. Which might be the main reason a good deal significant in order to be able for you to help depend on the info and in addition display the actual datums inside your work. The specific aspect is when the contrary argument is not really disproved, the actual writer's pursuit to guarantee people can lead to disappointment. Therefore, it really is greater to arrange to be able to surpass the target audience within knowledge, than be a looser in subject and in addition have a negative mark, also.Several college students have in mind the undeniable fact that creating some fresh tips for any academic document is considered to be a significant problematic level the scholars very often go mad, attempting to squeeze virtually almost nearly all concept faraway from their creativeness impotently, undoubtedly.Regardless, selecting some original or even amazing recommendations for your article distracted not simply specifically by the creativity, yet more probable by the insufficient interest, uniqueness, and also the ground for salesmanship, and the like.Thus, choosing the best option intriguing, notable and important persuasive essay topics that may be very likely to entice the interest in the viewers is a very crucial strike the way to academic success. Persuasive essay topics can be a hardcore part for numerous college pupils. That is why we have been glad to supply our academic paper creating services to make life simpler plus more interesting. In addition to, you can expect the best option for your common individuals prices and you will be glad to steer and give the very best quality companies so that you can match the requirements of the very sophisticated college pupils, indeed.

Try to use the words which and that appropriately

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dddscience. Therefore, make the data the subject of your sentence.Hippocampal lesions impair delayed conditional discrimination (Smith, 184) is preferable to Smith (184) showed that hippocampal lesions impair delayed conditional discriminations.. Found, observed, and showed are almost always inappropriateHippocampal lesions impaired discrimination is preferable to Hippocampal lesions were found to impair discrimination.

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Obviously, if you know this result, somebody found it. Unless you want to emphasize history about the process of finding, the result is important, not the process.. Issues are most important; previous experiments are subordinate. A good issue is worth examining even if no one has studied it before. You should present issues first, and previous experiments (if any) second.4. It is always incorrect to start a sentence with the impersonal form of the word it. The word is meaningless. Delete it and substitute the important noun.5. Leading nouns in a sentence can organize ideas. A sentence should begin with the most important information (this also holds for paragraphs; lead with the important information).Rats with hippocampal lesions were impaired in conditional discriminations....is a good construction if the results are being compared to those from monkeys but a bad construction if hippocampal lesions in rats are being compared to amygdala lesions in rats. If you wish to emphasize a comparison of brain regions then your sentence should be constructed as follows.Hippocampal lesions impaired conditional discriminations in rats but amygdalalesions did not.6. Pronouns are almost always inappropriate unless you are telling a personal story. The fact that you are involved in the enterprise is not relevant to the scientific merit of the discussion.7. The word since refers to the passage of time, and not logic. When logic is involved, the correct word is because.Because hippocampal lesions impair memory, they should disrupt performance in this task is preferable to Since hippocampal lesions.....8. The term elicit means to draw forth or bring out. It is inappropriate to sayThe rat elicited sexual behavior after hormone injections..The rat may have displayed sexual behavior, or increased its the frequency of its sexual behavior, but unless it stimulated another rat or the experimenter to show sexual behavior, it did not elicit sexual behavior!. Try to use the words which and that appropriately. Generally, which is preceded by a comma!The rats that had the amygdala lesions were more aggressive. (tells which rats were more aggressive).The remaining rat, which had the unusual drug reaction, is not included in the results. (adds a fact about the only rat in question)..

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The Native Americans were used to help further the Spanish and British American empires both economically and culturally.

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on the Native Americans were used to help further the Spanish and British American empires both economically and culturally.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality the Native Americans were used to help further the Spanish and British American empires both economically and culturally. paper right on time.

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The Indians of North America had a major affect on the colonization of the British and Spanish Empires in their "new-found" world. The British were a little more tame when it came to how they treated the Indians compared to the cruel Spanish conquistadores. The British saw the Native Americans as useful in the way of trade and learning new things about farming and harvesting, but within time things changed and the British got more stingy leading them to wanting to conquer the Indians. The Spanish never really saw the Indians as people to associate with, they thought of them as savages and, therefore, beneath them. They should be the slaves of the Spanish people and lead them to gold. Many Native American groups tried to retaliate but with the epidemics that the Europeans spread to them, killing many of their people, the Europeans advanced technology. There was no doubt on who would triumph. Consequently, the Native Americans were used to help further the Spanish and British American empires both economically and culturally.

Christopher Columbus, a conquistador, is famous for discovering the Americas. He is also famous for being the first slave trader in America. Columbus created encomiendas, grants for the right to extract labor and other tribute from the Indians of a designated district to help his struggling region. From the beginning encomiendas harshly exploited the native people, who died in flocks from overwork, malnutrition, and disease. These are all ways in which the Indians helped the Spanish economically. Slaves meant free labor which meant large and more prosperous crops (most the time). Culturally many Spanish and Indian women married and had children, called mestizos, which led to a less Spanish society and a mix of different types of people. The Spanish tried to overcome the Indians by overthrowing their villages and not bothering to make friends with them or to learn their culture. In the end this hurt the Spanish because the culture of the Indians could have taught the Europeans much about medicine, agriculture, and so on.

On the other hand, the British were a lot nicer to the Native American's than the Spanish. Although most of the Indians died off from diseases and many just sold their land to the British. The few that were left were prohibited from practicing their own religion. Missionaries were sent in to convert them to Christianity. Squanto and Samoset were two friendly Indians who helped the English Pilgrims in a time of need, teaching them how to grow corn and more. Later, after 16, tensions between the English and some of the Indians of the land developed, leading to the eventual murder of many Indians. The few that were left were taken by Pro-English Indians as captives or by the English as slaves. Economically the Indians helped the British by giving them ways to agricultural prosperity. Culturally, the Native American's were converted to Christianity, but not after sharing some of their cultural beliefs with the English.

In conclusion, the English and the Spanish had different ways in using the Indians to help make their territories prosper, but in the end they both ended up enslaving and converting the Native Americans to their own beliefs. The Spanish never gave the Indians a chance, thinking them as savages and only good for physical work. However, the English believed that it would be beneficial to observe and determine how the Indian communities worked. The Indians were a major part in the development of European society in the Americas. Without them we would not be where we are today.

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Why Enterprising Intrapreneurship

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Intrapreneurship is the art of working within an organisation to effect change, by developing new ideas, procedures or products, by innovating practice and thereby enhancing the business. This requires skills.This project is creating a suite of Context case materials that encourage participants to b.•creative, innovative, commercially aware, entrepreneurial and self-motivated within businesses and organisations..•to build participant's confidence in their skills to be enterprising in the first years at work.

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The project is creating learning units that may be used by any staff and participants from school through FE and HE (UG to research level) and more widely in business and with the public. They are designed to encourage participants to be creative, to develop their innovation, negotiation, critical evaluation, self confidence and reflective skills through understanding how innovation is possible within businesses of all types. They give real insights into business problems that are topical and relevant..The Enterprising Intrapreneurship cases are based on real work place issues in real companies. The web site also includes a 50 minute and 0 minute lecture to introduce ideas about intrapreneurship, a reading list to support further research, ice breaking and skills support information and suggested routes for use.These Context cases aim is to develop participants' awareness of intrapreneurship skills by researching recent, geographically relevant case examples and creating case studies around them that highlight skills as part of the process. While the initial audience is geography students nearly all the cases appeal to students in cognate disciplines and across faculties. It is our experience that these cases will give valuable transferable skills experience to students from all disciplines and that Careers Staff also find them valuable..The project aims for 00-5 are to.•research further examples of intrapreneurship in business.•develop further case studie.•to integrate the cases with more challenging and relevant PDP practice by seeking collaboration / partnerships with various organisations to acquire their permission to draw on and adapt their Human Resources / CPD / PDP practices for use with taught undergraduate and postgraduate students generically, and to explicitly link these to the new skills and the intrapreneurship case materials..Key skills that are incorporated in the cases include team decision making and reporting, networking, creating presentations under pressure, coping with moving goalposts, understanding people..

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42Nd street review

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on 42nd street review. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality 42nd street review paper right on time.

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.The theme behind 4nd st. is that no matter how much people put you down or how little faith they have in you, you should never give up and always give it your best. Peggy Sawyer was a very shy girl from Pennsylvania and people thought she wasn't good just because of how she appeared and where she came from. But when she started singing and dancing with all her heart, she just took everyone's breath away.

In this show the acting was fabulous. I loved every actor in the play, I think each one did a great job. Another great part of the show would have to be the tap numbers. Each tap number was perfect, they all had good melodies and no one was off beat. Another thing that got my attention would have to be the lighting. It made the show just a little better.

The play 4nd street had a happy ending. The show is a smash and Peggy Sawyer is an overnight sensation, a star. Still, it doesnt go to her head. She exits leaving the great Julian Marsh alone on an empty stage. Hes back on top and sings of the glory of Broadway in 4nd street. Near the end of the song, Julian reaches into his pocket and discovers Peggys good luck scarf. When the song ends he starts after Peggy as the curtain falls on the end of the show.

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The lesson in the play would have to be that if you work hard and never give up, you will succeed. That's what happened to Peggy. Also the lesson can be that sometimes dreams do come true...

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Laughing: helping everyone

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Laughing: helping everyone. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Laughing: helping everyone paper right on time.

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Human beings enjoy laughing. Laughing is referred to as "the best medicine." It is a way of dealing with the stresses of daily life, but more than that, it is a way of relating to fellow mankind. Comedians make a career by being available to keep people laughing. Actors on sitcoms also get paid to entertain an audience. For many, laughing is a natural process. The average adult actually laughs up to seventeen times a day. Many people do not take the time to dwell on it, but laughter is a very complex response. Some of the same skills used in solving problems lead up to the high-pitched noise, known as laughing..

Laughter should not be confused with humor. Laughter is merely the physiological response to something humorous. Laughter is really a two-part process. The first part is a set of gestures, while the second is just the sound produced by the individual. When a person laughs, his or her brain pressures many parts of the body. When a person laughs excessively, changes occur in the arm, leg, and even trunk muscles. When a person laughs, fifteen different facial muscles are contracting. Also, the respiratory system is being disturbed, resulting in a gasping noise. In severe cases, tear ducts are stimulated, making the face turn a reddish purple color..

Many researchers that study laughter have found that laughter follows a pattern in speech. Laughter usually interrupts a person's conversation toward the end of a phrase. This process is said to be governed by the brain, giving the speech the upper hand to the vocalization channel. A behavioral neurobiologist, Robert Provine, suggests that humans have some sort of detector that responds to laughter by triggering other circuits in the brain. This response generates more laughter. That is why laughter appears to be contagious..

Famous philosopher John Morreall says that the first human laughter may have actually been a reaction to danger. Since the relaxation that results from laughing proves to be part of the fight-or-flight response, it shows that laughter may be a sign of trust. Laughter is directly related to making and strengthening human relations. Anthropologist, Mahadev Apte, says, "The more laughter there is, the more bonding occurs within a group."

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Other studies show that dominant individuals, such as a boss of a corporation use humor more than their employees. Most of the time whenever the boss laughs, all the employees join in. When a person can control the laughter of a crowd, they are exercising great power over the emotional responses of the group. Provine also feels that laughter must have come into existence as a way to change the behavior and responses of others..Laughter is triggered by something that is humorous to a person. One subject may be humorous to one person; however, a different person may not laugh at all. Traditionally, there are three theories concerning what makes a person laugh. Each theory is different, but each concerns what tickles a person's funny bone..The first theory is the incongruity theory, suggesting that humor arises when things that do not normally go together replace logic and familiarity. Thomas Veatch, a researcher, and thinks a joke becomes funny to an individual when he or she expects a certain outcome, but receives another. When a joke takes an unexpected turn, the individual's thoughts must shift gears. Now that same individual has two different types of thoughts that are incompatible. The person then experiences uneasiness between the different parts of the joke as being amusing.

The second type of theory referring to laughter is the superiority theory. This comes into effect when a person may laugh at a joke that focuses on someone else's embarrassments or stupidity. In this sense, a person may feel superior to another individual which makes him or her experience a sort of separation from the situation, making it much easier to laugh at..

The last type of theory concerning laughter is known as the relief theory. This is the theory the media ties into films and on television. Usually in thrillers or action films, the director uses this sort of comic relief to help the viewer release those built up emotions. Actual stories or news can also build up many emotions within the audience. As a person tries to cope with all of these opposing emotions, humor can be the perfect release. According to Dr. Lisa Rosenberg, humor, can help workers to deal with stressful situations at work. She says," the act of making a joke, gives a person a mental break and increases his or her objectivity in the face of overwhelming stress..Laughter is not only a great way to relief the stresses of everyday living, but it keeps every person rejuvenated. Without laughing, a person would be very unhappy. Laughing keeps the old young, and gives the young a reason to be lively. Laughter is a great benefit of life, no matter how it came about. It helps each person to feel alive and gives us all a reason to build relationships. Laughter may not be the key to a great life, but it is definitely a huge blessing..

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