Accounting Treatments for identifiable intangible assets

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" Section 11 of the corporations act 001 has changed the common law in respect of pre-Registration contracts ".Explain the common law view of pre-registration contracts and then explain how section 11 has changed the common law.Then analyse and discuss the effect of section 11 and 1 in respect of the rights and obligations of promoters, companies and third parties.Your answer should make reference to the relevant cases as well as considering the legislative intention of the section.

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The central focus of this essay will be on the legal principle of pre-registration contracts. As the definition of pre-registration contracts ( in legal terms) suggests, they are the kind of contracts that are intentionally entered into, on the behalf of a company that is not yet registered. In pre-registration contracts, a person that enters into an agreement on the behalf of an unincorporated company, is known as a promoter. A promoter is the person who intends to or will generate profit from the formation or the financing as a company. This means that if a pre-registered company enters into a contract, the promoter is entitled to the benefits and incur personal liability from that contract. Therefore, this has led to the introduction of Section 11 of the corporations act. This provides a different and modern view of pre-registration contracts compared to its common law definition. Accordingly, this will lead to a discussion of the common law view of pre-registration contracts and the definition that is provided by Section 11. A large emphasis will also be placed on the role of promoters and companies as well as third parties that are involved in this particular area of law. Pre-registration contracts are now highly uncommon, due to the consequences involved, as this essay will reveal.. According to the common law, if a company is not registered, then it is not recognized as a legal entity. This resulted in the common law rule stating that a company cannot be able to enter into a binding contract prior to them being registered by the ASIC (Australian Securities and Investment Commission) as outlined by Lipton and Herzberg (001, p.141). Under the common law, it meant that a person was not legally permitted to bind contracts under a company name in the hope that the company would actually be registered. It caused the common law to believe that an unincorporated company is not bound by a contract as a result of an agreement being made between them and an opposing party. Furthermore, Lipton and Herzberg (001, p.141) indicate that a person who has entered into a contract for a company, prior to it being incorporated, could be personally bound by that contract, only if they had the intention to be contracted as a principal. Therefore, a separate legal entity does not exist and there will be no capacity to enter into contracts at all. Under the common law, if opposing parties intend to enter into a contract with an unincorporated company, that particular contract will most likely be ruled by the courts as invalid.. The common law also takes into account, the contractual rights of third parties with reference to the intentional matters of the parties that are involved in a pre-registration contract, according to Davies (1, p.14). As a result, there were difficulties for the opposing contracting party, under the common law rule. This is particularly demonstrated in Black v Smallwood (166) 117 CLR 5, where a contract was entered into by Robert Smallwood and contained his signature under the name of "Western Suburbs Holdings Pty.ltd". The company was not registered, however this was unknown to Black, as he assumed that the company was registered. Therefore, Black sued Smallwood on the grounds of specific performance of the contract that they entered into. The High Court determined that Smallwood and his partner; J.Cooper did not act as principals or agents for the unincorporated company, which meant that they were not liable to the contract.. The case of Newborne v Sensolid (Great Britain) ltd (154) 1 QB 45 also generated a similar outcome. In this case, a contract for the sale of goods by Leopold Newborne (London) Ltd was signed by "Leopold Newborne", which was the name of the man who intended to be a company director. By the time that the goods were delivered to the market, the market collapsed, and the buyers refused to accept the delivery. The court found that the contract was signed when the company remained unincorporated. It was then determines that Newborne was not liable as he had no intention of entering into the contract as a principal or an agent. The only party that appeared to enter into the contract was the company itself and therefore, Newborne was simply authenticating the expression of its will. This meant that a person could not enter into a legally binding contract on the behalf of a company, in the belief that it would be registered.. The introduction of Section 11 of the corporations act has been a replacement of the common law view of pre-registration contracts. According to Pentony, Graw, lennard and Parker (1, p.577), Section 11(1) states that if a person enters into a contract on the behalf of an unincorporated company, then that company and the individual will be bound by that contract, once the company is registered and the contract is approved within a certain period of time. This was highlighted in the case of Bay v Illawarra Stationery Supplies Pty.Ltd (186) 4 ACLC 4, where Bay; who was an accountant and being one of four promoters of a company, entered into a pre-registration contract for office supplies on behalf of the proposed company. When the proposed company did not consent to the contract, the suppliers took legal action against all four promoters under Section 11(), because Bay was acting as a trustee for that company. The NSW Supreme Court ruled that only Bay was personally liable, as he was the only person who signed the contract. However, it was indicated that Bay would have a separate claim against the other three promoters if he acted as their agent in relation to the contract.. According to the cases that were mentioned above, Section 11(1) has changed the common law rule in which a company cannot approve or ratify a pre-registration contract. However, this does not apply where a company has actually been registered at the time when a contract is made, but the company has changed its name. This kind of conduct was exhibited in the case of Commonwealth Bank of Australia V Australian Solar Information Pty.Ltd (187) 5 ACLC 14. Under Section 11(), if the contract is not approved, or a company is not established within a certain period, the promoter will become liable to the opposing party for damages. This was described in Bay's case. Furthermore, the promoter does not need to perform the contract, nevertheless, they must pay the damages that would have been awarded if the contract was accepted, but the company did not perform it. Therefore, Section 11 is mainly concerned with a contract that a person has entered into or intends to enter into, on the behalf of a company prior to its incorporation. This is largely relied upon the effectiveness of a company that comes into existence, which is similar with the company for whom an agent had initially entered into the contract.. Sections 11 and 1 of the corporations act originated from provisions which were first enacted in 181. These were made inorder to meet inadequacies in the unenacted law regarding pre-registration contracts. The main purposes of this according to Ford, Austin & Ramsay (001, p.667) wer.-to enable pre-registration contracts to which it applies to be ratified by a company that is formed after the contract is entered into.-to impose statutory liability upon a promoter to compensate the third party, where a contract to which section 18 applies is not ratified; an.-in relation to contracts in which the section applies to withhold from promoters from a later formed company and from third parties all rights and liabilities in relation to the contract, other than those that are provided by the section.This also prompts Ford et.al (001, p.667) to state that Sections 11 and 1 are suited to a contract in which a person has entered into, or intends to enter into, on the behalf of a company prior to its incorporation. Furthermore, it is presumed that the entity must be an organization which could be registered under the corporations law, according to Ford et.al (001, p.668) . This leads to the ratification doctrine stating that the approving principal must be in a position to enter into the contract at the same time, when the agent initially commenced their actions. As a result, a person will not be automatically liable when they enter into a contract for a "Principal" that does not exist.. Under Section 1(1), if a person enters into a pre-registration contract, they will not bear any liability to pay damages, given that the opposing party signs a release to that effect, as outlined by Lipton & Herzberg (001, p.14) . However, under Section 11(), unless the person is relieved from all liability by the opposing party, a damages liability will be imposed on them when they enter into a pre-registration contract, despite if they are only acting on the behalf of an unincorporated company. Therefore, according to contract law, a promoter is bound by the contract and is entitled to its benefits under Section 11(1). Sections 11 and 1 do not apply to contracts that are supposedly entered into on the behalf of a company, even when the promoter who intended to enter into that contract, had not in actual fact, been gained by that company. The only way that a promoter can gain protection from the consequences of entering into pre-registration contracts, is if they gain a signed release from the opposing party under section 1. By virtue of contract law, according to Woodward and Bird (1, p.17) , another way in which a promoter can avoid personal liability is where the company and the opposing party enter into a new contract, once that company is actually incorporated. Furthermore, under Section 11(), a promoter will be liable to pay damages to the opposing party of the pre-registration contract even if the company is or is not registered, but the contract is not approved of, or if another contract is entered into within an agreed time, then it should be a reasonable time, after the contract was entered into. The amount that the promoter will be liable to pay to the opposing party is the amount that the company would be liable to pay to that party, if they approved the contract, but it was not performed at all. Section 11(4) according to the Australian Corporations Legislation (001, p.4) states that if a company consents to a pre-registration contract but does not perform any part of it, then the courts could order the promoter to pay all or part of the damages, in which the company is ordered to pay under Section 11(), as stated by Lipton and Herzberg (001, p.14) . If an opposing party sues for damages on the grounds of Section 11() because a company is registered, but does not approve the pre-registration contract or enter into another contract, the courts would do anything which it believes to be appropriate in the circumstances. Lipton and Herzberg (001, p.14) also emphasise that the courts could order a company to do the followin.-pay all or part of the section 11() damages.-transfer any assets that a company received because of a contract to the opposing party; o.-pay an amount to that opposing contracting party. However, there are exemptions which apply to promoters, companies and third parties, that could be involved in a contract. For example, it is argued by Ford et.al (001, p.666) that if the promoters enter into a pre-registration contract whilst they are under the belief that the company is registered and had no knowledge of that company not being registered, then it would be very likely that the promoter had the intention of entering into the contract as an agent without incurring personal liability, which was illustrated in the case of Marblestone Industries. Ltd v Fairchild (175) 1 NZLR 5 at 54. In some cases that involve writings which were completed by promoters, the courts would hold that the promoter did not sign the document as an agent, but just to originate the contractual execution of the company, given that they were under the belief that the company was not formed. A similar scenario arose in the case of Richardson v Landecker (150) 50 SR (NSW) 50. The Promoter was not liable to the contract, because they did not act as an agent upon entering into the contract. As a result, in both these cases, the Promoters were not regarded as contractual agents in a transaction that is evidenced by a document. Under the rules that govern the measure of damages for a breach of contract, the third party is entitled to recover an amount from the Promoter who is found to be acting as an agent for an unregistered company, to compensate them for not having an effective contract with them. As a result, if the principal is insolvent in the agreement, then only nominal damages will be paid to the third party. An example of this was portrayed in Hambrook(18) 8 Adel LR at 15. Therefore, under enacted law, a pre-registration contract would not be effective to give the company any rights against the third party. This will particularly enable vendors to escape from an unprofitable bargain, unless they are bound to the promoters as Ford et.al (001, p.666) . Therefore, Sections 11 and 1 largely depend to be performed on a company that is later incorporated and which can be easily identified as for whom the promoter had entered into the pre-registration contract. This means that the introduction of Sections 11 and 1 are different to the common law view of pre-registration contracts, in which they do not recognize an unincorporated company being in any position to enter into these type of contracts. As a result, Sections 11 and 1 of the corporations act have been successful in changing the common law view of companies entering into contracts while they remain unincorporated. This is because that an unincorporated company cannot enter into any contracts or business transactions and therefore, the promoter would not be authorized to incur obligations on the behalf of that particular company. Furthermore, sufficient company description must be displayed at the time when a contract is entered into, inorder for an unincorporated company to be actually recognized as a company. Given that entering into pre-registration contracts falls within Section 11 and in which a company is recognized as being registered, then that company will be bound by the contract and should that contract be ratified, they will be entitled to the benefits of the contract that was entered into. It has been recognized, mainly through statutory law, that once a company is actually formed, they will be permitted to adopt pre-registration contracts, that are intended to be entered into on that company's behalf, and in which the liability that a promoter has incurred will be automatically eliminated. This has been the main reason as to why that pre-registration contracts are now highly uncommon due to the consequences of a promoter entering into a contract with another party, on the behalf of an unincorporated company. It has been seen that he introduction of Sections 11 and 1 have had significant effects compared to its predecessor's view of pre-registration contracts, that being the common law. Despite, pre-registration contracts now being highly uncommon, in the past, they were almost inevitable as promoters entered into these agreements inorder to gain business securities for the unincorporated company, that they were acting on behalf of. Consequentially, pre-registration contracts caused problems for all parties that were involved, especially the promoters, as they had to incur personal liability, despite acting on behalf of the unincorporated company. Therefore, a company cannot have an agent before it is registered, according to Section 11, because it is presumed under the law of agency, that a principal exists, during the time that the agent had initially entered into the contract. However, the company's ratification of a pre-registration contract, must be within a specific type, after the contract has been created, or before any time that it is agreed to, by the parties that are involved in the contract. As a result, Sections 11 and 1 indicate that a promoter can gain protection from liability in pre-registration contracts. The introduction of these two highly important sections of the corporations legislation has ensured that pre-registration contracts are now a thing of the past.740 Words.Bibliography.1.Lipton.P & Herzberg.A, (001.Understanding Company Law, 10th edn.Lawbook Company Ltd, Sydney..Pentony.B, Graw.S, Lennard.J & Parker.D, (1.Understanding Business Law, nd edn.Butterworths, Sydney..Australian Corporations Legislation, (001.Butterworths, Australia.4.Australian Corporations Legislation, (00.LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia.5.Ford.A.J, Austin.R.P & Ramsay.I, (001.Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, 10th edn.Butterworths, Australia.6.Woodward.S & Bird.H, (001.Corporations Law Workbook, 5th edn.LBC Information Services, Sydney.7.Davies.P.L, (1.Gower's Principles of Modern Company Law, 7th edn.LBC Information Services, Sydney..

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How questionning can be used as an effective teaching strategy.

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This presentation will look in detail at two aspects of a literacy lesson which focussed upon the children's storybook'The Owl Babies' and the use of questioning as an effective teaching strategy..Analysis of teaching strategies took place during the introductory Progression in Phonics (otherwise known as PIPs) and later within the whole class shared text session.Firstly I will look at the introductory session, which possessed a clear learning objectiv. for children to be able to generate a number of words containing the phoneme OW/OU. This activity therefore related to acquisition and the recall of the children's knowledge. Help with essay on How questionning can be used as an effective teaching strategy.

The learning objective was fulfilled by a simple activity, the teacher merely asked the children to recall as many OW/OU words they possibly could and then selected each child in turn to come to the front so that they could write words on a prepared chart.This activity consequently included the practising of skills such as spelling and handwriting- both of which can not be learned in isolation.A number of teaching strategies were used within this aspect of the lesson for example the incorporation of visual, aural and kinaesthetic learning styles, use of pace and also of demonstration. However the most noticeable and effective strategy implemented by the teacher was that of QUESTIONING.This complex teaching strategy was used effectively to acquire and enable children to recall their previous knowledge of word generation. The teacher utilised lower order questions in order to do s.Lower order questions are described as those which are concerned with simple recall of information, for example the teacher simply selected a hand from the crowd while expecting an immediate response,.This proved an effective strategy as the lower order questions not only encouraged thought and understanding but also allowed the teacher to check the development of children'.knowledge- ability to come up with a relevant word,.concepts- ability to recognise that the word must contain the sound OW/OU.skills- and the ability to write and spell these particular words upon the chart.The use of lower order questions also benefited this particular session as they enabled the teacher to direct children's thoughts, added necessary pace and significantly fulfilled the learning objectives effectively, evidence for this being that the children accumulated a lengthy list of words a short period of time.However the use of lower order questions within the classroom is not always favoured, for example'The Alps approach' suggests teachers should avoid this particular questioning strategy as it believes a good quality of answer will not be achieved if a teacher simply pounces on a child with such questions. This belief is supported by many authors, such as Chris Kyriacou's'Essential teaching skills' as he states,.‘much research indicates that teachers overwhelmingly ask more closed and lower order questions than open and higher order questions. While in general, open and higher questions are more intellectually demanding and stimulating, and research does indicate that more of these types should be used….However classroom observation indicated that this method of questioning was effective for this particular introductory activity, and contrary to the'Alps Approaches' prediction the general response was of good quality and effectively drew upon the children's knowledge of word generation and phonics..It is clear that this particular teaching strategy was effective in addressing the learning objectives, as well as the needs of a short introductory session; however this form of questioning would not prove as useful in addressing other learning objectives.It is important to note that the teacher did not solely use lower order questions within the whole literacy session and later during a whole class discussion on the topic of owls, implemented several open and higher order question.Higher order questions involve reasoning, analysis and evaluation and are often, as was the case of this particular session, aiming to extend the children's understanding of fundamental concepts and knowledge rather than the simple recall of factual information.In order to understand the effectiveness of this particular teaching strategy, one must consider the learning objective for this aspect of the literacy lesso.For children to be able to classify information about owls and be able to produce an Owl information sheet including details about home, hunting, food and physical appearance.Higher order questions used within this session include.‘Why do you think owls have such sharp talons?.‘What are the benefits of the owl possessing such large eyes?.As previously mentioned these questions are more demanding than lower order questions and therefore require thoughtful answers, the teacher effectively used another questioning strategy in order to obtain such detailed answers, the use of processing time.During the introductory PIPs session little processing time was required, as the aim of lower order questions was to gain immediate factual responses, however the teacher implemented processing time during class discussion to ensure quality responses.Author Joan Dean supports the teachers use of processing time, and clearly points out its benefits.‘Research suggests that increasing the'wait' time for up to three seconds after asking a question can significantly improve the quality of answers. Askew and Wiliam note that'these effects are more pronounced for understanding concepts and principles than for the simple recall of facts..Evidently the use of processing time and questioning was effective in addressing the learning objective, for example children were more thoughtful and as a result were all able to create information sheets of a high standard..In conclusion it is clear that the use of questioning is a complex teaching strategy, and that the teacher was able to effectively use different types of questions to address the needs of the not only the learning objectives but also to appropriately draw upon either, knowledge, concept or skill..

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Radioactivity

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Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.

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Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph..Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph..Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph..Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph..Radioactivit.Radioactivity is the disintegration of atomic nuclei that releases energy by the emission of subatomic particles and electromagnetic rays. These subatomic particles are called alpha and beta particles. Productions of electromagnetic rays include X-rays and gamma rays. Most of the atoms making up matter are generally stable. It is the isotopes of these atoms that are not stable and constantly producing radiation. They are totally dangerous to life compounds.Radioactive Iodine.Iodine is a nonmetallic solid element. The French chemist Barnard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811. The human body requires traces of Iodine. It is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the rate of physical and mental development. A lack of Iodine can also cause goiter. Iodine is added to salt to prevent such diseases. Iodine-11 is the most important radioactive isotope in the environment. Radioactive iodine-11 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 10s.Formation of Iodine-1.Iodine-11 is an artificially produced by-product resulting from uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium in the detonation of nuclear weapons.Radiation typ.Iodine-11 produces beta minus particle and gamma rays.Iodine-11Xenon-1..5 protons54 proton.78 neutrons77 neutron.In the above reaction during beta-minus decay Xenon is formed. One neutron of Iodine-11 turns into a proton and electron.The wording equation is as followin.11^I e-+gamma+11^X.Properties of Iodine-1.Radioactive Iodine has the same physical properties as stable Iodine. However, radioactive Iodine decays with time. Iodine-11 found in nuclear facilities and waste treatment plants quickly form compounds with the mixture of chemicals present. However, Iodine released to the environment from nuclear power plants is usually a gas. Iodine-11 has a physical half-life of about 8 days. Its biological half-life in thyroid is about 80 days. Iodine-11 releases beta energy of 806 keV with 8.% of intensity. The amount of gamma rays released is 65 keV 81. % of intensity.Iodine usage.Iodine is among the most widely used radionuclide in the medical field. Due to its short half-life and useful beta emission, Iodine-11 is used extensively in nuclear medicine. Its tendency to collect in the thyroid gland makes Iodine especially useful for diagnosing and treating thyroid problems. Radioactive Iodine can cause thyroid problems and help diagnose and treat thyroid problems. Doctors also use lower doses of Iodine-11 to treat overactive thyroids. Low doses can reduce activity of the thyroid gland, lowering hormone production in the gland. Doctors must maintain the fine balance between the risks and benefits of using radioactive iodine. On one hand, this small, additional exposure may tip the balance in favor of cancer formation. On the other, this small additional exposure can restore health by slowing an overactive thyroid and improve health conditions. Iodine 11 is also used to diagnose abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. But it is used widely in treatment of hyperthyroidism. The treatment, in cats, consists of injecting a single dose of radioactive iodine into the cat. When absorbed in the body, Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland and those cells that are most active (thyroid tumor cells) will absorb most of the radioiodine. Therefore, the radioactive Iodine preferentially enters the tumor cells in the thyroid gland and the radioactivity kills these cells while doing very little damage to the normal thyroid cells. Through normal bodily processes, the radioactive Iodine is removed from the body and is lost in the urine and feces. There is no anesthesia and the success rate is approximately 5%. Blood work needs to be performed prior to treatment to rule out any other medical problems. The main drawback is that the cat will have to stay at the hospital until the levels of radioactivity have dropped to below the levels set by the State and the Federal Government. This may take as little as four days or as much as a week.Exposur.Iodine-11 is a gaseous fission product that forms within fuel rods as they fission. Unless reactor chemistry is carefully controlled, they can build up too fast, increasing pressure and causing corrosion in the rods. As the rods age, cracks or wholes may breach the rods. Cracked rods can release radioactive iodine into the water that surrounds and cools the fuel rods. There, it circulates with the cooling water throughout the system, ending up in the airborne, liquid, and solid wastes from the reactor. From time to time, reactor gas capture systems release gases, including iodine, to the environment under applicable regulations. Anywhere spent nuclear fuel is handled, there is a chance that iodine-11 will escape into the environment. Nuclear fuel reprocessing plants dissolve the spent fuel rods in strong acids to recover plutonium and other valuable materials. In the process, they also release iodine-11 into the airborne, liquid, and solid waste processing systems. The detonation of nuclear weapons also releases iodine-11 into the environment. Atmospheric testing in the 150s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere, which has disseminated around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment. Radioactive iodine can be inhaled as a gas or ingested in food or water. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms. People are exposed to I-11 from nuclear power plant emissions. Some industrial facilities also emit radioactive iodine to the environment, as well as medical institutions. Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well. If a family member has been treated with I-11, you may have increased exposure to it through their body fluids. Radioactive iodine can enter the body by ingestion or inhalation. It dissolves in water so it moves easily from the atmosphere into humans and other living organisms..Protectio.The thyroid cannot tell the difference between radioactive and non-radioactive iodine. It will take up radioactive iodine in whatever proportion it is available in the environment..If large amounts of radioactive iodine are released during an nuclear accident, large doses of stable iodine may be distributed by government agencies to keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much radioactive iodine Raising the concentration of stable iodine in the blood, increases the likelihood that the thyroid will absorb it instead of radioactive iodine. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides, including I-1 and I-11, to the environment. These regulations address airborne and liquid releases from nuclear reactors, airborne emissions from a variety of industrial and governmental facilities, and allowable radioactive releases from radioactive waste disposal systems..EPA has established Maximum Contaminant Levels that limit the concentration of radioactive iodine and other radionuclides in drinking water from public water suppliers.Detectio.Living near a nuclear power plant may slightly increase your annual exposure to I-11. Detecting radioactive iodine in the environment requires specialized equipment. Most major medical centers can test for isotopes of iodine in your body. When I-11 is ingested, some of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The rest passes from the body in urine. Airborne I-11 can be inhaled. In the lung, radioactive iodine is absorbed, passes into the blood stream and collects in the thyroid. Any remaining iodine passes from the body with urine.Testing of nuclear weapons during the 150s resulted in widespread exposure of the U.S. population at that time (~160 million people) to a potentially hazardous radioactive substance Iodine-11 (I-11). Since then, exposure to I-11 has been linked with the occurrence of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. Residents of some geographical areas experienced higher cumulative average doses of I-11 than others, and areas downwind from nuclear test sites especially were affected. Ingestion of the milk from cows and goats who grazed in nearby contaminated pastures was a primary route of human exposure to I-11.Safet.There are certain safety regulation to make sure one does not come in contact with Iodine-11. It should be carried to the patient's room in either a shielded cart or the manufacturer's shipping container under constant surveillance and control of radiation safety workers. The transportation container must be securely locked. All staff attending to Nuclear Medicine therapy patients must wear whole body radiation dosimeters. Urine collection should be avoided..Conclusio.Radioactivity occurs naturally over a long period of time. All radioisotopes are dangerous to human health. However they can be used for diagnosing or treating certain diseases. That's why we are trying to produce them artificially. But we need to make sure certain regulations are carried out.Bibliograph...

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Persuasive essay topics for high school

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Try to use the words which and that appropriately

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dddscience. Therefore, make the data the subject of your sentence.Hippocampal lesions impair delayed conditional discrimination (Smith, 184) is preferable to Smith (184) showed that hippocampal lesions impair delayed conditional discriminations.. Found, observed, and showed are almost always inappropriateHippocampal lesions impaired discrimination is preferable to Hippocampal lesions were found to impair discrimination.

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Obviously, if you know this result, somebody found it. Unless you want to emphasize history about the process of finding, the result is important, not the process.. Issues are most important; previous experiments are subordinate. A good issue is worth examining even if no one has studied it before. You should present issues first, and previous experiments (if any) second.4. It is always incorrect to start a sentence with the impersonal form of the word it. The word is meaningless. Delete it and substitute the important noun.5. Leading nouns in a sentence can organize ideas. A sentence should begin with the most important information (this also holds for paragraphs; lead with the important information).Rats with hippocampal lesions were impaired in conditional discriminations....is a good construction if the results are being compared to those from monkeys but a bad construction if hippocampal lesions in rats are being compared to amygdala lesions in rats. If you wish to emphasize a comparison of brain regions then your sentence should be constructed as follows.Hippocampal lesions impaired conditional discriminations in rats but amygdalalesions did not.6. Pronouns are almost always inappropriate unless you are telling a personal story. The fact that you are involved in the enterprise is not relevant to the scientific merit of the discussion.7. The word since refers to the passage of time, and not logic. When logic is involved, the correct word is because.Because hippocampal lesions impair memory, they should disrupt performance in this task is preferable to Since hippocampal lesions.....8. The term elicit means to draw forth or bring out. It is inappropriate to sayThe rat elicited sexual behavior after hormone injections..The rat may have displayed sexual behavior, or increased its the frequency of its sexual behavior, but unless it stimulated another rat or the experimenter to show sexual behavior, it did not elicit sexual behavior!. Try to use the words which and that appropriately. Generally, which is preceded by a comma!The rats that had the amygdala lesions were more aggressive. (tells which rats were more aggressive).The remaining rat, which had the unusual drug reaction, is not included in the results. (adds a fact about the only rat in question)..

Please note that this sample paper on Try to use the words "which" and "that" appropriately is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Try to use the words "which" and "that" appropriately, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Try to use the words "which" and "that" appropriately will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Native Americans were used to help further the Spanish and British American empires both economically and culturally.

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The Indians of North America had a major affect on the colonization of the British and Spanish Empires in their "new-found" world. The British were a little more tame when it came to how they treated the Indians compared to the cruel Spanish conquistadores. The British saw the Native Americans as useful in the way of trade and learning new things about farming and harvesting, but within time things changed and the British got more stingy leading them to wanting to conquer the Indians. The Spanish never really saw the Indians as people to associate with, they thought of them as savages and, therefore, beneath them. They should be the slaves of the Spanish people and lead them to gold. Many Native American groups tried to retaliate but with the epidemics that the Europeans spread to them, killing many of their people, the Europeans advanced technology. There was no doubt on who would triumph. Consequently, the Native Americans were used to help further the Spanish and British American empires both economically and culturally.

Christopher Columbus, a conquistador, is famous for discovering the Americas. He is also famous for being the first slave trader in America. Columbus created encomiendas, grants for the right to extract labor and other tribute from the Indians of a designated district to help his struggling region. From the beginning encomiendas harshly exploited the native people, who died in flocks from overwork, malnutrition, and disease. These are all ways in which the Indians helped the Spanish economically. Slaves meant free labor which meant large and more prosperous crops (most the time). Culturally many Spanish and Indian women married and had children, called mestizos, which led to a less Spanish society and a mix of different types of people. The Spanish tried to overcome the Indians by overthrowing their villages and not bothering to make friends with them or to learn their culture. In the end this hurt the Spanish because the culture of the Indians could have taught the Europeans much about medicine, agriculture, and so on.

On the other hand, the British were a lot nicer to the Native American's than the Spanish. Although most of the Indians died off from diseases and many just sold their land to the British. The few that were left were prohibited from practicing their own religion. Missionaries were sent in to convert them to Christianity. Squanto and Samoset were two friendly Indians who helped the English Pilgrims in a time of need, teaching them how to grow corn and more. Later, after 16, tensions between the English and some of the Indians of the land developed, leading to the eventual murder of many Indians. The few that were left were taken by Pro-English Indians as captives or by the English as slaves. Economically the Indians helped the British by giving them ways to agricultural prosperity. Culturally, the Native American's were converted to Christianity, but not after sharing some of their cultural beliefs with the English.

In conclusion, the English and the Spanish had different ways in using the Indians to help make their territories prosper, but in the end they both ended up enslaving and converting the Native Americans to their own beliefs. The Spanish never gave the Indians a chance, thinking them as savages and only good for physical work. However, the English believed that it would be beneficial to observe and determine how the Indian communities worked. The Indians were a major part in the development of European society in the Americas. Without them we would not be where we are today.

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Please note that this sample paper on the Native Americans were used to help further the Spanish and British American empires both economically and culturally. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the Native Americans were used to help further the Spanish and British American empires both economically and culturally., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on the Native Americans were used to help further the Spanish and British American empires both economically and culturally. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Why Enterprising Intrapreneurship

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Intrapreneurship is the art of working within an organisation to effect change, by developing new ideas, procedures or products, by innovating practice and thereby enhancing the business. This requires skills.This project is creating a suite of Context case materials that encourage participants to b.•creative, innovative, commercially aware, entrepreneurial and self-motivated within businesses and organisations..•to build participant's confidence in their skills to be enterprising in the first years at work.

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The project is creating learning units that may be used by any staff and participants from school through FE and HE (UG to research level) and more widely in business and with the public. They are designed to encourage participants to be creative, to develop their innovation, negotiation, critical evaluation, self confidence and reflective skills through understanding how innovation is possible within businesses of all types. They give real insights into business problems that are topical and relevant..The Enterprising Intrapreneurship cases are based on real work place issues in real companies. The web site also includes a 50 minute and 0 minute lecture to introduce ideas about intrapreneurship, a reading list to support further research, ice breaking and skills support information and suggested routes for use.These Context cases aim is to develop participants' awareness of intrapreneurship skills by researching recent, geographically relevant case examples and creating case studies around them that highlight skills as part of the process. While the initial audience is geography students nearly all the cases appeal to students in cognate disciplines and across faculties. It is our experience that these cases will give valuable transferable skills experience to students from all disciplines and that Careers Staff also find them valuable..The project aims for 00-5 are to.•research further examples of intrapreneurship in business.•develop further case studie.•to integrate the cases with more challenging and relevant PDP practice by seeking collaboration / partnerships with various organisations to acquire their permission to draw on and adapt their Human Resources / CPD / PDP practices for use with taught undergraduate and postgraduate students generically, and to explicitly link these to the new skills and the intrapreneurship case materials..Key skills that are incorporated in the cases include team decision making and reporting, networking, creating presentations under pressure, coping with moving goalposts, understanding people..

Please note that this sample paper on Why Enterprising Intrapreneurship is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Why Enterprising Intrapreneurship, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Why Enterprising Intrapreneurship will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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