The Economic Impact of Baby Boomers

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The Economic Impact of Baby Boomer.During the period of 146 through 164, America experienced the largest growth rate ever. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, this currently equates to approximately 76 million people and % of the United States (U.S.) population, ranging from ages through 57 years of age (Baby Boomer Headquarters [BBH], 00).Some suggest that the increased birth rate during that period was due to women (whose husbands were returning from the war) choosing to bear children that were postponed during the Depression and World War II period, in addition to the booming post-war economy (Macunovich, 000, p. ). With this group being such a large portion of the U. S. population, baby boomers, in the past, currently, and will in the future have a profound impact on key macroeconomic areas such as resources, goods and services (consumption), and loanable funds.Labor is the largest component of the resources market and baby boomers for some time have been center stage in this aggregate market. Many parents of baby boomers sent their children to college, encouraging them to be competitive and to succeed in the job market. Using the basic definition for civilian labor force, baby boomers make up the largest portion of workers, compared to other individual generations, who are in the work force in America today. In fact, they have been credited for the low unemployment rate over the last two decades. According to economist Michael T. Owyang, "On an average unemployment rose during the 170s as the baby boomers entered the labor force and the median age of the labor force declined. Since 180, as the baby boomers have entered middle age, the median age of the labor force has risen while the trend unemployment rate has fallen" (Owyang, 001). In the U.S., labor account for approximately 70 percent of production cost. Baby boomers represent the labor force in all areas of or nation, from the President of the United States, George W. Bush, to great CEOs like Bill Gates of IBM. Big name baby boomers such as Paul Allen and Steve Ballmer, CEOs of General Electric and Ford; Ron Howard, Steven Spielberg, Michael Jordan Tom Hanks, Michael Jackson, Rush Limbaugh, Oprah Winfrey, Madonna, and Bruce Springsteen, have been responsible for generating billions of dollars in the economy as their presences and names alone represent money. Not only do their occupations demand enormous income, but they, themselves have also helped generate jobs for others. Whether through an innovative idea, formation of corporations, or in the entertainment industry, they must be credited for having a tremendous impact on the wealth in the economy that is generated by their association. Additionally, the list of employment areas that are saturated by baby boomers include farming, construction, real estate sales, public administration, management analysts, teachers, professors, dentists, psychologists, crane operators, engineers and authors to name a few.Baby boomers are an essential part of the labor force, and many other occupations exist in part because of them. For example, the day care industry emerged to accommodate married boomers who chose to combine their careers with parenthood. With both parents working, day care facilities and day care workers were in high demand. Other occupational areas that have been directly influenced by baby boomers are in the computer and software industry. Consider how many occupations have been generated because of baby boomer Bill Gates and Microsoft.Baby boomers will be around for a while too. Even as they age, many plan to work during their retirement years; this will keep them in the work force longer than previous generations. Baby boomers love technology and possess a great deal of computer skills, in addition, "They won't even think of themselves as being senior citizens until after they turn sixty ( percent) or seventy (4 percent)" (Lamb, Jr., Hair, Jr. &, McDaniel, 004, p. 65). Already, organizations such as Wal-Mart and McDonalds have recognized and capitalized on this emerging segment of the labor force by hiring older workers. Another reason why baby boomers will be in the labor force longer is that they are aware of the rising issues concerning social security. Help with essay on The Economic Impact of Baby Boomers

The effect in which baby boomers have had on society is often described as an image of a snake that has swallowed a pig. This large segment of society moves together at a slow steady pace. Thus, as baby boomers began to retire, this will cause yet another significant influence on the economy in the form of social security payments. Whereas around 150 there were 16 workers to every one retiree, those numbers have changed greatly to three workers to every one retiree. These numbers are predicted to change again as more baby boomers retire (Coyle, Jr., 18). The aging population of baby boomers will also expand employment opportunities in health care professions that care for the elderly, home health care providers, as well as (and unfortunately) the funeral industry. Today baby boomers are a very large portion of the labor force, helping to maintain a healthy economy, however, in the next 8 to 10 years the effects of their retirements could become a burden. Recently, Mr. Greenspan said, "Early initiatives to address the economic effects of baby-boom retirements could smooth the transition to a new balance between workers and retirees," He feels that, "If we delay, the adjustments could be abrupt and painful" (Associated Press [AP], 00). Nevertheless, for now basic economics still apply, baby boomers, who are part of households, supply resources in exchange for income, and when people have income, they will consume by purchasing goods and services..

Household consumptions are a major portion of the goods and service market. Personal consumption accounts for the largest portion of the Gross Domestic Product. Karen Axelton of Business Start-Ups magazine wrot.No matter what youre selling or to whom youre selling it, if you want to succeed youve got to understand the buying habits of the baby boomers--that massive generation born between 146 and 164. "Boomer marketing is the [key to] all marketing in this country for the next 5 year," contends Phil Goodman, founder of the Boomer Marketing & Research Center in San Diego. (Axelton, 18.Baby boomers continue to demand attention that is impossible to be ignored. They have driven the direction of consumer purchases for the last 57 years.As their parents were experiencing the effects of a great economy, nothing was too good for the baby boomer. Beginning at their infant stage, baby boomers added to the goods and services market in the form of consumption. Items such as baby food, disposable diapers, and toys were manufactured at a tremendous rate, while at the same time generating hundreds of new or improved items creating fierce competition in these areas of the market. As teenagers, they were the first generation with significant spending power that fueled the growth of massive marketing campaigns which introduced more new products and even terminology targeted at the boomers' in every stage of their the life cycle. Terms like "Hippie" and "pop group" labeled baby boomers and set patterns for different fashions. All around the country, clothing manufactures raced to capitalize on sales from mini-skirts, bell-bottoms, and relaxed fit jeans. "The term "Yuppie" (Young Urban Professional) was coined to describe the high-consumption, low-savings lifestyle of many boomers" (Macunovich, 000, p. 4). Designer clothing icons such as Izod, Polo, Calvin Klein and Gloria Vanderbilt must also pay homage to the baby boomers that help catapult their products for the last 0 to 0 years. Still to this day, baby boomers maintain their loyalty to these and many other name brand products. They clearly guided the record sales in the early product life cycle stages of items such as transistor radios, drive-in theaters, fast food processors, video recorders and computers. Since baby boomers do not see themselves as growing old, they consume many of the same items as their teenagers from video games to music. They are not considered as trend followers, however they do influence the purchases of their parents and their children (Axelton, 18). The success of the enormous sale of sports utility vehicles (SUVs) is another product that owes credit to the baby boomers. In short, if the boomer generation likes a product, others will follow. Baby boomers are the most affluent generation ever, thus, traveling, vacationing, recreation and entertainment are other areas where baby boomers leave their mark. They stay in more hotels and rent more cars than any other age group. Baby boomers are predicted to inherit $10.4 trillion in wealth transfers known as the "Inheritance Boom…This influx of wealth and additional disposable income present a huge opportunity for me-oriented spending, particularly in the travel industry" (National Tour Association [NTA], 00, p. 17). Their nostalgic memories of professional sports teams, Disney World and other theme parks, rock and roll and soul music, and fast food continue to help generate billions of dollars in our nation. When it comes to the housing market, baby boomers are still at the top of the list. They were responsible for the rise in real estate prices during their nesting age and the collapse of the real estate market in the late eighties. The nation can also expect a rise in the demand for retirement housing in the near future, as baby boomers grow older (Kressley, 18, p. ). As they move into their retirement years, they will surely present the goods and service market with many new money making issues. An example would be the discontinuous innovations that will be developed specifically due to the aging needs of this large cohort of elderly people. "Baby boomer demographics continue to drive the US economy and, by extension, the global economy…. they have the desire, ability and willingness to buy" (Greenwood, 1).

The good and services market also include government expenditures. Taking into consideration the fact that the government is not a person, this entity has to generate funds from somewhere in order to have expenditures. Almost half of the government's revenue at the federal level comes from personal taxes, and let us not forget taxes that are paid at the state and local levels. Thus, the working population of the 76 million baby boomers have supplied a significant portion of government revenue in the form of taxes. As mention earlier, because so many baby boomers are in the labor force, we should have a surplus of social security. However, since social security is the largest portion of government expenditures, the baby boomers are quickly on their way to collect and this may influence the economy negatively. They will definitely consume a huge portion of social security benefits when they retire, and with so many of them, it would behoove baby boomers to reduce their current consumption and began saving.Savings from households supply funds to the loanable funds market, which help direct the flow of income between business and households. Baby boomers supply an enormous amount of funds in the loanable funds market, not only through direct savings and investments, but also via interest paid on loans and credit cards purchases. One report indicated the following.[Baby boomers] have been credited by some with fueling the prolonged expansion of the stock market as they search for investment opportunities in their high-earning years. At least one source has suggested that saving by boomers has raised the saving rate about five basis points (.05 percentage points) per year, and that the aging of the baby boom generation will ultimately add a percentage point to the saving rate. (Gist, Wu &, Ford, 1, p. 1.

In closing, the baby boomer generation brought with it a wave of social and economic challenges, both positive and negative. The increased birth rate was not limited to America, but this boom happened in other countries like Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Some saw the invention of the birth control pill as a blessing in disguise that slowed down the birth rate in the U.S. beginning around 165. If one were to ask Baby Boomer Headquarters what effect do baby boomers have on the economy, they would respond as follow.We are amused when visitors ask what effect the boomers are having on the economy. Folks, in 00, the economy IS the boomers! We represent the vast majority of the work force. There are 76 million of us; we ARE the economy. The huge growth in the economy in the 0s was due in no small part to 76 million of us working up to our peak earning and spending years. (Baby Boomer Headquarters [BBH], 00.Whereas the baby boomers generation is still making an impressive impact on the national and global economy, one can't help but wonder what economic effect such a large group holds for the future..Reference.Associated Press (00, February 7, 00). Greenspan says Swift Action is needed for Social Security. Retrieved April 16, 00, http//online.wsj.com/article_print/0,SB104665514448768,00.htm.Axelton, K. (18, March). Sonic Boom Sound Advice on Why You Should Care About the Baby Boomers. Business Start-Ups, March 18, . Retrieved April 1, 00, http//www.entrepreneur.com/mag/article/0,15,856,00.htm.Baby Boomer Headquarters (00, April). The Boomer Stats. Retrieved April 7, 00, http//www.bbhq.com/bomrstat.ht.Coyle, P. X. Jr. (18, May 1). Surplus wont save Social Security. Retrieved April 16, 00, http//www.nunews.neu.edu/nu-news/Issues/0518/e5.htm.Gist, J. R., Wu, K. B., & Ford, C. (1, Jun). Do Baby Boomers Save and, If So, What For. Retrieved April 17, 00, http//research.aarp.org/econ/06_do_boomers.htm.Greenwood, M. A. (1, November ). Review of the Economic Environment. Retrieved April 1, 00, http//www.magreenwood.com/Publications/GWR/G1/GRW111/grw111.htm..Kressley, K. M. (18, January 1, 18). Golden Years for Baby Boomers America in the Next Century. Retrieved April 16, 00, http//www.theharbinger.org/xvi/8011/konrad.htm.Lamb, C. W., Jr., Hair, J. F., Jr., & McDaniel, C. (004). The Marketing Environment and Marketing Ethics. In J. Calhoun (Ed.), Marketing (7th ed., pp. 65). Canada Thomson South-Western.

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Euology

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We are gathered here to mourn the death of a beautiful little girl who has left us for the better into the kingdom of heaven.

Her innocence was marred by the immense influence and power of today¡¯s consumerism. So much so that she was ¡°singing an advertising commercial.¡± We can see that these days whole world is surrounded by consumerism that makes us live in of and become part of it that even at our death the last thing we regurgitate is something from an advertisement.Furthermore this girl was too young to even realize the money hungry skin behind the song she sang. And for this reason we should sincerely sympathize and pray that she will find a world free of this manipulative and contagious virus.

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The shallowness and hypocrisy of modern ideals and values take away the spirituality of this girl¡¯s journey to heaven. Some might think of this as a Hollywood type production with ¡°full volume up,¡± and people ¡°stand by for action.¡± I am glad in a sense that her infancy will not be used as a tool for ¡°sales-appeal¡± as she has left behind this immoral and shallow world.

.People¡¯s life can come to end anytime. We all are mortal and our mortality could crumple up ¡°like a paper cup.¡± This means we are fragile and also have a ¡°frail heart.¡± The reality is the society will not even blink at this fact and this evokes a sense of tragedy and despair inside me. However whether we feel the same way the world does not cater for this kind of morning.

.One of the main reasons why this society has no time for sympathy is due to the ruthless business ethics in consumerism. The consumerism pushes will perceive this girl¡¯s death as the ¡°earth¡¯s loss.¡± However they will try to turn this into a positive for then by seeing it as a ¡°heaven¡¯s gain¡± as advertising has gone beyond the mortal dimension to the spiritual level where it is eternal. Furthermore advertising is deemed as a religious experience which is an atrocious mentality..

.Therefore, I am glad her soul will find eternal peace in heaven away from the group of the clause of consumerism in our mortal world. Amen.

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Angela's Ashes - Frank's Father's Drinking

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Frank's father's drinking affects him in several ways. His father's absence forces him into a position of responsibility at a young age. The poverty that is a consequence of purchasing alcohol requires Frank to witness mother's desperation, which results in shame. A conflict in a child who loves his father, but is also conscious of his father's destruction with alcohol is ensued..

Frank's father's alcoholism prevented him from being a reliable father and husband. Due to his drinking and irresponsibility, the role of the man of house was left open. Frank was forced at a young age to accept responsibility, and fill this position. When Mam falls ill and is sick in bed wanting lemonade, Frank feels he has to be the one to get it for her. His father is not around to do this for his wife, and even if he were he probably wouldn't. Frank had to steal to the lemonade from Kathleen for his ill mother. He feels this is wrong, but due to his sense of constant responsibility, he does what must be done. "It's wrong to steal from Kathleen with the way she's always good to us but if I go in and ask her for bread she will be annoyed and tell her I am ruining her morning cup of tea which she would like to have in peace ease and comfort thank you. It's easier to stick the bread under my jersey with the lemonade and promise to tell everything in confession" (6). Frank's family is in need, so he does what has to be done. He knows it is wrong to take from Kathleen, but still does because his father is not around to get his mother the lemonade. had to see his mom in pain a lot/exposed to seeing his mom desperate and begging and crying and being alone and angry....

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Frank had to deal with the shame of poverty at a young age, because his father squandered their money by choosing alcohol over his family. While his father was away working in Coventry Frank's family had moved in with Aunt Aggie, because they could not afford to live anywhere else. His father says that he will send his family money. A letter arrived informing them that he got there safely, but no money was enclosed. And after a couple weeks of waiting for the telegram containing money the family becomes desperate and his mother is forced to beg. "My mother is a beggar now and if anyone from the lane or the school sees her my family will be disgraced entirely. My pals will make up new names and torment me in the school yard and I'll know what they'll say, Frankie McCourt/ beggar woman's boy/ scabby-eyed/ dancing/ blubber-gob/ Jap" (50). Frank's father's drinking led his mother to ultimate desperation, leaving Frank feeling ashamed. This shame affected his home life, and he is worried about the opinions of those at school and in the neighborhood..

As a young boy Frank was able to recognize that alcohol makes his father a different person. He state.

I think my father is like the Holy Trinity with three people in him, the one in the morning with the paper, the one at night with the stories and the prayers, and the one who does the bad thing and comes home with the smell of whiskey and wants us to die for Ireland.

I feel sad over the bad thing but I can't back away from him because the one in the morning is my real father and if I were in America I could say, I love you, Dad, the way they do in films, but you can't say that in Limerick for fear you might be laughed at. You're allowed to say you love God and babies and horses that win but anything else is a softness in the head. (10.Frank loves his father for the separate entity that comes forth when he is sober. He tolerates the drunkenness, because he is different when he is not drinking, though nothing completely compensates for the hardships that his father bestowed on the family. Frank does not look up to his father blindly though. Frank remarks, "I could easily have Uncle Pa for a father" (47). He acknowledges that it would be easier to have someone who is loving and laughs and does not spend all the money on drink, however he seems to accept that he has what he was. Frank understand that it's tough living with his father's alcoholism, but is able to see there are different sides of people. From his father's drinking, he learns that people sometimes do bad things without necessarily being bad people all of the time. This is a fairly mature conclusion for such a young boy to arrive at..

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Ignorance Of The World

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Ignorance- n. 1. The condition or quality of being ignorant; lack of knowledge, education.ect. . Unawareness (Webster's New World Dictionary, 7). We have all heard the word.many already know what it means. The thing that many deny or don't believe is tha.everyone is ignorant. No matter how smart you think you are, you have some level o.

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ignorance. Whether its not realizing what you have or not taking the time to realize wha.you have.

I sat in school all day, complained about how slow the day was going by. Cam.home, ate, complained about how I had to write this essay. Got a call from my swee.boyfriend, and soon I'll eat again, go online, watch some TV, and go to bed. Well ther.are a whole lot of kids who didn't get to go to school today, didn't get to eat, didn't eve.get a home to go back to never mind a phone, computer or TV. This all goes back to th.clich , you don't know what you have until its gone. We all complain about how we hav.to clean our rooms, until out house burns down. We all complain about how unfair ou.parents are, until one day they're gone. We all complain about how we don't want to ea.this or that for dinner, until we don't have any thing else to eat. We should be thankful fo.every thing we have, instead we take time to wish for more. More what? More money.more beauty, more power? No one needs sixty pairs of shoes, one it just fine. No on.needs a brand new car, most of us were blessed with two legs. No one needs ai.conditioning, on Cape Cod we were blessed with the ocean. So next time you think abou.your "needs", re-think, and be thankful for your rusty old car, be thankful your no.freezing to death, and be thankful for your dirty, ripped sneaker.

We all wish we had millions. Have you ever meet a rich person? I mean really rich.they are miserable. When you can get every thing you need, want, and can it goes to you.head. I think of all the good I would do if I had that kind of money. Yes, some rich peopl.do give money to the poor, but not all. I once heard a women say " I don't care for th.poor every much", as if they choose to live on the streets with no food. You could ge.really greedy and, to put it as simple as I can, soulless. You have all your maids, cleanin.up after you, all your cooks, cooking every thing and anything you want. You wonde.why they stereotypical rich guy is fat? So next time you think about being rich, also thin.about having nothing.

Living in America has its advantages. One big one is freedom. We have the right t.say anything and everything we want. We all can vote. yes even women. We can wea.what we want. Who thinks about that everyday? Not many. Some even just figure that th.rest of the world is just like America. Unfortunately something has to happen lik.September 11th to remind us the rest of the world dose not follow by our rules. Everyon.doesn't have the right to express themselves. And women? They don't get treated a.equals. In America we say "Wow" when hearing you could get shot for saying that the.don't like their leader. When we always talk about who we don't like Bush and some on.else should have won. No freedom, no rights, no protests. Many of us wouldn't survive .week in another county.

After reading my essay, I hope you see how much you take advantage of. Please.stop complaining about the bad, and start taking in the good of your life. Things may no.always be fair, but thinking about the homeless, the staving and the sick may make yo.believe everything could get worst. Your lucky for what you have..

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The plight of Spanish Immigrants in Argentina in the 18th and 19th century.

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"Spanish Immigrants in Argentina A success story?.Why did the Mataronese and million other Spaniards migrate to Argentina between the midnineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth? … To vice-consul Carrau the answer was simple as the question adverse conditions in Spain and auspicious ones in the River Plate..

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The basic tenants of the push and pull mechanism of the'five global revolutions' then can explain Spanish migration to Argentina at the time of the'five global revolutions..The theme of this paper is to contextualize the adaptation patterns of the Spanish immigrants in their new environment through a chronological framework; by examining their occupational status as an indicator of successful adaptation. The examination of'status' is limited in its outlook due to the exclusion of'perceived' status that can be independent of economic indicators but can be attributed to factors such as racial superiority or shared lineage with native Argentines. Further'adaptation' of the Spanish immigrants in essence excludes the notion of a long-term study of subsequent generations and focuses instead on the'process (of adaptation) as opposed to outcome ' (of generational assimilation).Areas of Settlement The majority of the Spanish settlers were concentrated in the area, which was then the commercial and administrative hub of the city, the central plaza, and in the zone south of it. While a majority of the Spanish settlers were concentrated in these areas, the settlement of Spainards (and other immigrants) in the city was anything but homogenous and impermeable. Buenos Aires was in fact one of these least ethnically segregated immigrant cities of the world. Yet, in spite of this the Spaniards (and the French) were two of the most spatially centralized nationalities and, on an average, twice as centralized as the Argentines and Italians. The correlation between residential centralization and socio-economic status is a positive one. The Spaniards continuous spatial centralization in comparison to other nationalities is an indicator of their higher socio-economic status.Occupational Distribution The occupational distribution pattern of the Spanish community in the labour market showed that 0.1% were employed in the unskilled and menial work; 16.01% in the semiskilled and service; .% in the skilled; .7% in the low manual; less than a tenth of the Spaniards were represented in the four categories of middle non-manual, low professional, high non manual and high professional in 1855. The occupational distribution of Buenos Aires' Spaniards retained the same profile except for a noticeable change in the non-manual category due to the inheritance of businesses by second generation Argentines. In comparison with the Argentines and the population as a whole the Spaniards were underrepresented at the extremes and overrepresented in the middle in 1854 and 186 . However, it is important to note that at that time, the Argentine population consisted of large number of ex-slaves and their descendents, semi-nomadic gauchos and poor chinos that were exploited by the white gente decente. However, by the end of the century the arrival of more competitive immigrants and the second-generation class of skilled white collared Argentine workers decreased the opportunities available to the Spaniards. The resultant shift showed under representation not only at the higher extreme of the occupational ladder but also in the middle in comparison to other foreign-born immigrants and Argentines . The decline in the occupational status of the Spanish was not absolute. By 10, the Spaniards were twice as likely to own a commercial enterprise as compared to the natives who developed a strong liking for positions in the public bureaucracy that had also characterized the old Creoles..In terms of comparison with other immigrant groups, the Spaniards were far behind the British, Germans and the French in occupational status that dominated the upper echelons of the occupational structure. By contrast comparison with the Italians showed the Spaniards slightly more concentrated in white-collared occupations (but also in low-skilled ones.) Literacy level was an important indicator in determining ones occupational status as exhibited by the Germans, British and the French at the expense of the Spanish and Italians where the former showed higher literacy rates. While it is evident that the Iberians faced their stiffest competition at the hands of their Mediterranean neighbours it is also important to note that the Mediterranean immigrants constituted only a fourth of the residents in the city; a figure that was to decline over the century..Internal comparison of the Italians and the Spaniards attribute the latter's advantage over the former as a function of language and literacy that gave them a competitive edge especially in the field of commerce. While the "Italians seemed to have fared better in manufacturing and handicrafts, where strong industrial tradition of the north provided some advantage ." However, the most intriguing contrast between the two groups is in their participation in domestic services. The Spaniards dominated this sector not only in comparison to the Italians but also in comparison to any other nationality. Under representation of the Italians in this sector should not be mistakenly understood to mean a higher social status as under representation here meant overrepresentation in other unskilled and menial categories. Further, despite their predominance in domestic service the percentage of Spaniards in prostitution was only marginally higher than the Italians but was less than that of the French and the Jews.

"Comparisons between immigrants from Spain and other nationalities may offer a reliable general perspective but overlook the fact that these were highly heterogeneous countries with gross regional disparities and inequalities ." Old world geographical origins influenced occupational status in the new world city because they denoted differing levels of skills adaptable to an urban environment, something which in turn reflected either the source area's degree of socio-economic development or the selectivity of its oversees flow. This can be seen in the comparison of Basques and Andalusians were the latter generally held a higher socio-economic status than the former due to their urbanized coastal provinces and the selectivity associated with this region that made up for the backwardness of the region..

"The occupational status of immigrants was affected by four variables in addition to-but not independent of the adaptability of premigratory talents and the invisible skills provided by microsocial networks Gender ... " The occupational status of immigrant women in the host city depended as much on their parents' old world social origin as on their husbands' new world success. Initially the concentration of women in the labour market was restricted to semiskilled jobs especially domestic service, but with the expansion of the private and public enterprises and bureaucracies more opportunities for female white-collared occupations were created. Nevertheless, these jobs were largely dominated by better-educated natives including the Iberian immigrants' own Argentine-born daughters. Mobility then was still largely a dependent on that of her husbands or to the inheritance of his establishment..Mobility across occupational groupings The occupational structure of the Spanish community barely changed during the second half of the nineteenth century. However, this constancy says nothing about mobility within the occupational structure as an indication of improved economic condition. While length of residence is a generally a valid indicator of economic advancement due to years of labour and savings such an assumption is a premature one. Economic advancement is also contingent on the state of the economy. Business cycles affect and contribute to the level of economic advancement. Hence it is important to note that while there was a great degree of immobility where 50-8% of the individuals traced at different intervals held the same job at the beginning and at the end of the period; yet this same period was traversed by the WWI depression. After taking this into account it is then commendable to know that the downward mobility amoung the Spanish in Buenos Aires ranked amoung the lower end of the international spectrum..Mobility than was more a function of lateral or adjacent movement versus vertical movement where lateral mobility mostly entailed horizontal moves by artisans into closely related jobs such as machinist to toolmaker for example. There was also a degree of vertical mobility, in which case the Spanish immigrants of Buenos Aires ranked better than other immigrant communities (in the United States) at 48%..

Hence it can be seen that while there was not a great deal of vertical mobility within the Spanish community throughout the century such a conclusion should be adjusted to account for the state of the economy and should be in comparison to other immigrant groups in dozens of cities in North America and Europe.Conclusion Buenos Aires offered ample opportunities for upward socio-economic mobility; in comparison to other cities in North America and Europe it can be said that Spaniards in the city enjoyed relatively low rates of occupational descent. This lead to the formation of immigration into an "autonomous, self perpetuating dynamic " which can be explained on the three levels. Firstly, the belief held by the native elite and political leaders that the development of the country is contingent on immigration which brings in required labour and also acts as a civilizing agent. This attitude brought about numerous economic incentive policies to promote immigration and was a positive factor in the advancement of the immigrant community. Secondly, the establishment of immigrant communities facilitated'chain migration' due to kinship ties that spread out from close relative and younger generations to distant relatives and ethnic groups. Attributing the success of immigrant groups, especially the Spanish on these two factors alone is to oversimplify the study. The changing political tides brought about opposing emotions of reverence and preference to an almost xenophobic dislike, which was characteristic of North American cities. Changing political tides of the ruling class affected the economic opportunities and advancement available. Further, the altering composition of the immigrant groups attributed to certain phases of migrant flows affected the adopted social class. The pioneer or initiation phase brought in masses of literate males of higher social origin shifting to the growth phase where a more inclusive flow of immigrants in terms of gender and social class existed subsequently, influencing the adaptation of new arrivals in the host society. Lastly, the formation of successful migrant networks worked to the advantage of the ensuing generation of migrant workers. The mutual aid societies and private enterprises provided cradle-to-grave services long before the appearance of the welfare state. These institutions and societies provided the necessary platform upon which economic advancement was reliant on (to a significant extent.).

In conclusion, while the success rate of Spanish migrants was behind that of its Mediterranean neighbours; the British, Germans and French it is important to remember that these groups constituted a much lesser fraction of the general population. Given then the percentage distribution of the Spanish community as a proportion of the general population it is a fair conclusion to make that on the whole the Spanish community "fared successfully" in Argentina over the century.

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The Salem Witch Trials as a Parallel to the McCarthy Investigation on Communism and the Watergate Scandal

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Nancy Menapac.English, Mr. Ferrare.February 10, 0.The Salem Witch Trials as a Parallel to the. Help with essay on The Salem Witch Trials as a Parallel to the McCarthy Investigation on Communism and the Watergate Scandal

McCarthy Investigation on Communism and the Watergate Scanda.Since the United States began as a nation almost 00 years ago, it had had its share of scandals, exposures and misconceptions. The Salem witch trials of 16 bear a striking resemblance to other scandals of more recent history. Looking at this event of colonial Massachusetts, strong parallels can be drawn to the McCarthy investigation on Communism during the Cold War as well as Richard Nixon's Watergate scandal of the 170's. These three separate events all spawned from rational fears of people and escalated into unreasonable scandals that will forever be remembered as turbulent periods in US history..On January 0, 16, Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams of Salem, Massachusetts began to display strange behavior. The actions of these girls, ages and 11, soon spread to several other girls in the town of Salem. The blasphemous screaming, trance-like states and seizures altogether baffled the doctor of the girls. Unable to find any earthly cause by the middle of February, the doctor blamed Satan for the illness of the girls. Half a month later, on March 1, Sarah Goode, Sarah Osborne and Tituba, a slave, were accused of witchcraft ("The Salem Witch Trials 16"). After the condemnation of these three women, a pandemonium broke out in the small town of Salem and over the next few months, the residents became obsessed with finding and persecuting supposed witches..John Hawthorne and Jonathan Corwin, magistrates of Salem, lead the accusations and investigations of many of the "witches." These two men ruthlessly indicted more than 0 people as witches. Although numerous of the accused were in some way disrupting the social order of Salem or economically challenged, many were full members of the church and citizens of some social importance of the town ("The Salem Witch Trials 16"). While being examined by Hawthorne and Corwin, Tituba confessed to being a witch and corresponding with the Devil. Her testimony also convicted Sarah Goode and Sarah Osborne of witchcraft although before the magistrates these two women maintained innocence ("Famous American Trials")..Through June of 16 both men and women were accused of witchcraft were tried by Hawthorne and Corwin. On June 10, the first official execution of the trials took place when Bridget Bishop was hanged on Gallows Hill in Salem ("The Salem Witch Trials 16"). Bishop never confessed to being a witch; in her investigation on April 1 she was recorded as saying, "I am no witch. I am innocent. I know nothing of it ("Famous American Trials"). On September , 16 Martha Corey, Margaret Scott, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator, Wilmott Redd, Samuel Wardwell, and Mary Parker were all hanged Salem ("The Salem Witch Trials 16"). These 8 people were the last executed during the Salem witch trials. Altogether 1 people were hanged on Gallows Hill and as many as 1 more died in prison (Famous American Trials). Others had reputations permanently tarnished by being accused of witchcraft..The investigation into Communism in the State Department started by Senator Joseph McCarthy is often called a "witch hunt." McCarthy became obsessed with finding Communists working in US government agencies during the 150's. In August of 14, the Soviets had tested their first atomic bomb, and during the 150's, the Cold War between the United States and the USSR was well under way ("The East-West Divide"). With the threat of nuclear war the American public was vulnerable due to fear and in his investigation Senator McCarthy "touched a nerve of the American public" ("Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy [154]").Joseph McCarthy was elected to the United States Senate in 146 for the state of Wisconsin where he grew up ("Senator Joe McCarthy Anti-Communist"). McCarthy based his campaign on anti-tax, rent and credit control, not anti-Communism. At a dinner party with several other senators in Washington D.C. on January 7, 150 McCarthy's objectives changed. He declared, "That's it, the government is full of Communists. We can hammer them away" (Friedman)..On February , 150, McCarthy made his first speech against Communism at the Republican Women's Club in Wheeling Virginia. Joe McCarthy claimed to have 05 names of alleged "Reds" working within US governmental agencies. There was no official documentation of this speech, and although McCarthy later claimed that he had said he had 87 names, there is now sufficient evidence to prove that he did, in fact, allege 05 (Friedman). On the floor of the senate McCarthy spent nearly 6 hours on February 0 explaining in detail supposed cases of Communism spreading throughout the State Department (Friedman).Over the next four years, Senator McCarthy became obsessed with finding supposed Reds in the United States government. Playing off the fear of the Russians one poll in the Washington post suggested that 50% of Americans were actually behind McCarthy in his search (Friedman). His support began to dwindle in 154, however. In January of that year McCarthy appeared in a televised hearing and blatantly attacked President Dwight Eisenhower and Secretary of the Army Robert Stevens ("Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy [154]"). On December , 154, the senate voted 67- to condemn him for abuse of his senatorial powers (Friedman). With this voted ended the Red scare that McCarthy had almost single handedly created..On August 8, 174, Richard Nixon became the only US president ever to resign from office. His resignation was result of his connection to the Watergate Scandal, which had erupted in 17. At 0 am on June 17, 17, five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. When the scandal of the Watergate burglars was reported the Nixon administration denied any link to the crime; by August, however, evidence was beginning to emerge contrary to this. Ironically, even with the emerging scandal, Nixon was reelected in November of 17 in one of the largest landslides in US history, taking over 60% of the votes ("Watergate.info")..The support of the American public was not enough to stop the investigation into Nixon's association with the Watergate break-in, however. In fact, in April 17 Richard Nixons top White House staffers, H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman and Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned as a result of the scandal. One month later, on May 18, nationally televised hearings on the Watergate investigation began. Whitehouse consul John Dean revealed in his testimony that he had conferred with Nixon at least 5 times about the cover-up of Watergate. One of the most incriminating blows to the President was when Andrew Butterfield, former Whitehouse secretary, reported that Nixon had been taping every conversation occurring the Oval Office since 171 ("Watergate.info").Nixon initially refused to hand over any tapes as evidence in the trial, citing his executive privileges. On July 4, 174, however the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that Nixon had to turn over the tapes of 64 Whitehouse conversations; it was one of these conversations that was the "smoking gun" that linked Nixon to Watergate. The exchange was with H.R. Haldeman, dated June , 17 ("Watergate.info"). The two spoke of a $5,000 check traced by the FBI that had been donated to Nixon's campaign and ended up in the bank account of one of the men arrested at Watergate. Three days after the Supreme Court ruling on the case the senate began to pass the first three articles of impeachment. Before he could be impeached however Nixon resigned and Gerald R. Ford assumed presidency ("Watergate.info").The Salem Witch Trials erupted as a result of the sickness of two little girls Salem ("The Salem Witch Trials 16"); McCarthy's investigation on Communism as a result of McCarthy alone and the events of the Watergate scandal may never have been made public if it were not for the security guard at the Watergate hotel, Frank Wills (Watergate.info). Each of these historic events might have been prevented or left generally unknown if it were not for the actions of a very few people who set the events into motion. These proceedings also generated and grew off people's fear. Senator McCarthy fed off the fear that the Russians would attack the US; Richard Nixon was trying to gain reelection and keep the country stable after the turmoil of Vietnam in the 160's and the residents of Salem originally wanted only to see their children healthy and well. The Salem Witch Trials, the McCarthy investigation and the Watergate scandal are all parts of American past that, had one or two people changed their actions, may not have been written into history books at all. These events also may have been bypassed if the circumstances were different and the people surrounding the incidents did not have so much fear.. Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy (154). Online. 1 January, 00 http//usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/60.htm.East-West divide,The. Online. 1 January, 00 http//www.usnews.com/usnews/ news/1018/timeline.htm.Famous American Trials. Online. 1 January, 00 http//www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects /ftrials/salem/SALEM.htm.Friedman, Jesse. Online. The Fight For America Senator Joseph McCarthy. 1 January, 00 http//mccarthy.cjb.net/.Salem Witch Trials 16, The. Online. 1 January, 00 http//www.salemweb.com/ memorial/default.htm.Senator Joe McCarthy Anti-Communist. Online. 1 January, 00 http//history.freeyellow. com/mccarthy.htm.Watergate.info. Online. 1 January, 00 http//www.watergate.info.

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Sex on Campus

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Sex On Campu.

Apparently, in high school's they aren't teaching enough students about Sex and AIDS education and it is one thing that should be taught. It should be taught at this level in schools because there is a lack of knowledge about diseases, and consequences that come along with having sex and to warn and try to prevent l teen pregnancies and abortions..

One reason Sex and AIDS Education should be taught in high school is because, many students don't know about diseases that come with sex. If they teach students about diseases like AIDS, Herpes, Syphilis, and Gonorrhoeae and how they can be contracted and prevented, this will bring more awareness to students. Many Students don't know that these diseases don't have cures and they will be a constant reminder of a poor decision. Also, many people don't even know they have a Sexual Transmitted Disease. Some people don't realize how dangerous sex really is. Putting Sex and AIDS education in a high school program to teach about abstinence and safe sex could greatly change some people's future decisions about sex..

Another reason, I believe this program should be taught in high school is to bring teen awareness of the chances of pregnancies. Teen pregnancies has sky rocketed in the last couple years and the reason is because students don't know that it can happen to them. According to, some static's made by The University of Utah's Health Sciences Center, 85 % of teen pregnancies are unplanned and about 1 million teens become pregnant in one year in the United States. Another static is that 0% or 4 out of 10 pregnancies end in abortions. Many young girls aren't mature enough to raise a child or make the decision of keeping the baby, putting the baby up for adoption or getting an abortion. They don't think of the long term damages it can have on a person emotionally. If Sex and AIDS education was taught on all high school campuses more young people would know more about the probability of teen pregnancies and it could help prevent an increase in the next generation.

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In conclusion, the reasons Sex and AIDS Education should be taught on high school campuses is that knowledge can spread to young people about sex and the diseases that can come and stay with a person, also to prevent teen pregnancies and abortions. If teens are informed of these occurrences it could help them to make the right decisions when it comes to sex in high school...

Please note that this sample paper on Sex on Campus is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sex on Campus, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Sex on Campus will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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