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Ritalin is a mild central nervous system stimulant that triggers the brain stem.arousal system and the cerebral cortex. It increases the norepinephrine and the dopamine.at the central nervous system synapses. Ritalin blocks the reuptake of dopamine. It is.similar chemically and pharmacologically to the amphetamines. The generic name for.
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Ritalin is methylphenidate. It is currently used for the treatment of Attention Deficit.Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, narcolepsy, with mild depression in.the elderly and cancer patients, and to increase the action of antidepressant medication in.treatment resistant depression. Recently, Ritalin has been used experimentally with stroke.patients (Wright, 17).A normal dose of methylphenidate is between fifteen and thirty milligrams per.day in divided doses. The drug takes effect in half an hour to one hour; it's effects last.four to six hours with the regular tablets and up to eight hours with the extended release.tablets. On-going research is confirming if the slow release or the original Ritalin is better.at controlling symptoms. Ritalin must be taken on a very precise schedule to receive.maximum benefits. Metabolism occurs in the liver and excretion occurs in the kidneys..Almost ninety-five percent of a dose can be recovered as metabolites in the urine within.ninety hours. Noven Pharmaceuticals is developing a transdermal patch that releases a.therapeutic dose of methylphenidate for up to twenty- four hours. Ritalin is not.recommended for use during pregnancy; it is unknown if it passes through breast milk.(Wright, 17).The benefits of Ritalin are it controls distractibility, increases social skills,.emotional state and behavior, allows the clients to concentrate, organize their thoughts,.increases motor control, and allows them to pay attention. Ritalin has been used since the.150's to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; approximately ninety percent of.people with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder use Ritalin to control their.symptoms. It produces a calming effect in people with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity.Disorder. Ritalin affects performance so patients need to be advised against driving or.operating machinery (Wright, 17).
Side effects of methylphenidate are decreased appetite while drug is in the.system, therefore leading to weight loss, and mild insomnia can be a possibility if the last.dose is given too close to bedtime. Headaches, abdominal problems, fever, skin rash,.dermatitis, angina, and alopecia are also common problems with the use of this drug..Ritalin has also been known to cause tearfulness, lethargy, depression, facial or other.involuntary twitches, erratic heartbeat, an increase in sudden seizures, and a development.of psychosis (Wright, 17). Adverse reactions are nervousness, agitation, anxiety, and.erythema multiforme from a hypersensitivity reaction. Anorexia, sinus tachycardia, and.Tourettes' syndrome has also been reported. A casual relationship between the use of.Ritalin and blood dyscrasias are currently being researched. Periodic Complete Blood.Counts, differential, and platelet count are now advised during long-term therapy with.Ritalin (Parkinsn's List Drug Database).
Contraindications with Ritalin are a history of emotional instability, substance abuse or alcoholism, seizure disorders, hypertension, anxiety disorders, major depression,.glaucoma, and motor tics. It should not be given to patients with a family history of.Tourette's syndrome. It can be given cautiously to emotionally unstable patients.Methylphenidate interacts with endogenous and exogenous vasopressors, and some.anticonvulsants, especially Phenobarbital, tricyclic antidepressants, antihypertensives,.and diuretics. Ritalin should not be given with other central nervous system stimulants.and caffeine. Careful supervision is required during withdraw from Ritalin because.severe depression may occur (Parkinsn's List Drug Database).
Signs and symptoms of an acute overdose of Methylphenidate are vomiting,.agitation, tremors, hyperreflexia, muscle twitching, hypertension, cardiac arrhymias,.palpitations, tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, headache, delirium, hallucinations, confusion,.euphoria, convulsions, mydriasis, and dryness of mucous membranes. Comas have even.been reported in severe cases. The overdose is a result of Central Nervous System over.stimulation. The treatment for an overdose of Ritalin is gastric lavage. The patient needs.to be protected against self-injury and from external stimuli. Intensive care is sometimes.needed to insure adequate circulation and oxygen exchange. Cooling measures also.may need to be taken to treat the hyperpyrexia (Garber, 16).Ritalin is now under new fire; a medical examiner in Michigan has released.findings that may link Ritalin to the death of a boy (Diller, 000). A fourteen-year-old.boy had been taking methylphenidate for his Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.since he was four years old. When he was examined after death, the cause was cardiac.arrest from blocked coronary arteries. This type of heart damage is normally seen in.adults who chronically abuse stimulants (Diller, 000). The autopsy found pathologically.changes that are seen with cocaine and amphetamine addicts. There have been numerous.studies on the effects of Ritalin, but up until recently treatment with Ritalin for more than.five years was unheard of. Doctors are now recommending a lifetime treatment of Ritalin.for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. There have been no studies released yet on.the effect of Ritalin taken more than a decade. Two other cases have since been reported.(Diller,000).
.Doctors are now recommending parents not to give their children "drug.vacations". Research is now showing that the slow growth rate normally associated with.Ritalin is actually caused by a developmental delay associated with Attention Deficit.Hyperactivity Disorder itself. Parents are now encouraged to only stop the medication for.a week or two once a year to see if their child still needs Ritalin. It is also recommended.that children receive the Ritalin on weekends as well. Behavioral specialists say that.people with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder need Ritalin to control.impulsiveness and other symptoms beyond the inability to concentrate (Munden, 1).
Ritalin is currently listed as a Schedule Two controlled substance, in the same.category as cocaine. The Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder are.attempting to get Ritalin classified as a Schedule Three drug. They have already petitioned the DEA. According to the Children and Adults with Attention Deficit.Disorder, the classification change will make it less expensive and more available to.those who need it (News Briefs).
.On the streets Ritalin is called Vitamin R or the smart drug. It is relatively.inexpensive, only costing between one and five dollars per pill. Ritalin is being used.illegally for its stimulant effects, including euphoria, increased attentiveness, appetite.suppression, and wakefulness. Its availability is high around colleges where students use.Ritalin to keep them awake so they can study. Many Ritalin addicts have taken to.injecting the drug. There have been many complications from this practice because of the.insoluble fillers in the tablets. These fillers have been found to block small blood vessels.causing severe damage to the retina of the eye and the lungs. Parental abuse of Ritalin has.been found to cause psychotic episodes in a small percentage (News Briefs).Ritalin is used five times as much in the United States then in the rest of the world.combined (Wright, 17). Over prescribing Ritalin is a fairly common occurrence. One.doctor reported that in one year he wrote over seven hundred prescriptions for Ritalin..(Diller, 000) The National Disease and Therapeutic Index of IMS Health recently.released survey of doctors' use of psychiatric drugs on children from 15 to 1 for.children six years and younger, their use of psychiatric drugs is up five hundred and.eighty percent, for children seven through twelve, it is up one hundred and fifty-one.percent, and for children thirteen through eighteen, Ritalin use is up seventy-four percent..Ritalin is increasingly being prescribed to toddlers for what many would.deem as just plain toddler misbehavior (Diller, 000). Stimulants are not recommended.for children three years and younger. The Federal Drug Administration has not approved.Ritalin for children less than six years of age. A psychologist has recently published a.paper revealing that children who are on Ritalin for an extended amount of time are three.times more likely to use cocaine later in life. (Efficiency of Methylphenidate.Lawsuits are presently being filed against a conspiry of Ritalin, and against.parents who are refusing to give their children Ritalin. A lawsuit has recently been filed.by parents against the American Psychiatric Association and the Novartis Pharmaceutical.Corporation, accusing them of a conspiracy to create a market for Ritalin (British.Medical Journal, 000). A New York couple has been charged with child abuse from a.family court after they took their child off of Ritalin and refused to put him back on it..Another couple is in the process of being investigated for medical neglect for failure to.keep their child on Ritalin as well (Miller, 000)..
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