Health and Nutrition

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Nutrition is the relationship of foods to the health of the human body ..Proper nutrition means that you are receiving enough foods and supplements for.the body to function at optimal capacity. It is important to remember that no.single nutrient or activity can maintain optimal health and well being, although.

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it has been proven that some nutrients are more important than others. All of.the nutrients are necessary in different amounts along with exercise to maintain.proper health..There are six main types of nutrients used to maintain body health..They are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water . They.all must be in balance for the body to function properly. There are also five.major food groups. The groups are fats and oils, fruits and vegetables, dairy.products, grains, and meats..Exercise is also an important part of nutrition. Exercise helps tone.and maintain muscle tissue and ensure that the bodys organs stay in good.condition. Healthy eating without exercise will not result in good nutrition.and a healthy body - neither will exercise without nutrition. The most.important thing about exercise is that it be practiced regularly and that it be.practiced in accompaniment with a healthy diet. It is also desirable to.practice more that one sport as different sports exercise different areas of the.body. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the sources of energy for the body..The contained energy is expressed in calories. There are calories per gram in.fat and there are about 4 calories per gram in proteins and carbohydrates ..Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. This energy is mostly.used for muscle movement and digestion of food. Some sources of carbohydrates.are grains, fruits, vegetables, and anything else that grows out of the ground..The energy in carbohydrates is almost instantly digested. This results in a.quick rise in blood sugar which is soon followed by a drop in blood sugar which.is interpreted by the body as a craving for more sugars. This sugar low may.also result in fatigue, dizziness, nervousness, and headache. However, not all.carbohydrates do this. Most fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains are.digested more slowly. Fats, which are lipids, are the source of energy that is.the most concentrated. Fats produce more that twice the amount of energy that.is in carbohydrates or proteins. Besides having a high concentration of energy,.fat acts as a carrier for the fat soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K. Also, by.helping in the absorption of vitamin D, fats help make calcium available to.various body tissues, in particular, the bones and teeth. Another function of.fat is to convert carotene to vitamin A. Fat also helps keep organs in place by.surrounding them in a layer of fat. Fat also surrounds the body in a layer that.preserves body temperature and keeps us warm. One other function of fat is to.slow the production of hydrochloric acid thereby slowing down digestion and.making food last longer. Some sources of fats are meats and nuts as well as.just plain oils and fats. Proteins, besides water, are the most plentiful.substance in the body. Protein is also one of the most important element for.the health of the body. Protein is the major source of building material in the.body and is important in the development and growth of all body tissues..Protein is also needed for the formation of all hormones. It also helps.regulate the bodys water balance. When proteins are digested they are broken.down into simpler sections called amino acids. However, not all proteins will.contain all the necessary amino acids. Most meat and dairy products contain all.necessary amino acids in their proteins. Proteins are available from both.plants and animals. However, Animal proteins are more complete and thus.desirable. Knowledge of the nutrients and their function is essential to.understanding the importance of good nutrition. As mentioned above, there are.six nutrients. All vitamins are organic food substances that are found only in.living things, plants and animals . It is believed that there are about twenty.substances that are active as vitamins in human nutrition . Every vitamin is.essential to the proper growth and development of the body. With a few.exceptions, the body cannot make vitamins and must be supplied with them..Vitamins contain no energy but are important as enzymes which help speed up.nearly all metabolic functions. Also, vitamins are not building components of.body tissues, but aid in the construction of these tissues. It is impossible to.reliably determine the vitamin requirements of an individual because of.differences in age, sex, body size, genetic makeup, and activity. A good source.of a recommendation is the RDA. The RDA makes its recommendations based on.studies of consumption of the given nutrient. On the recommendation it will.usually specify what size diet the recommendation is based on, for example, a.two thousand calorie per day diet. It is harmless to ingest excess of most.vitamins. However, some vitamins are toxic in large amounts. Vitamin A is a fat.soluble vitamin which is only available in two forms. Pre-formed, which is.found in animal tissue. The other is carotene, which can be converted into.Vitamin A by animals . Carotene is found in easily found in carrots as well as.other vegetables . Vitamin A is important to the growth and repair of body.tissues and helps maintain a smooth, soft, and disease free skin. It also helps.protect the mucus membranes of the mouth, nose, throat, and lungs which reduces.the chance of infection. Another function is helping mucus membranes combat the.effects of air pollutants. Vitamin A also protects the soft lining of all the.digestive tract. Another function of vitamin A is to aid in the secretion of.gastric juices. The B complex vitamins have many known sub-types, but they all.are water soluble vitamins. The B vitamins can be cultivated from a variety of.bacteria, yeast, fungi, or molds . They are active in the body by helping the.body convert carbohydrates into glucose, a form of sugar. B vitamins are also.vital in the metabolism of proteins and fats. They are also the single most.important element in the health of the nerves. B vitamins are also essential.for the maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract, the health of the skin, hair,.eyes, mouth, liver, and muscle tone. The intestine contain a bacteria that.produces vitamin b but milk-free diets, and taking sulfonamides or antibiotics.can destroy these bacteria . Whole grains contain high concentrations of B.complex vitamins. Also, enriched bread and cereal products contain high.concentrations of B vitamins due to a governmental intervention of the whole.food group to ensure that the nation was getting enough B vitamins Vitamin C,.also known as ascorbic acid, is a water soluble vitamin. It is sensitive to.oxygen and is the least stable of all vitamins . One primary function of.vitamin C is to maintain collagen, a protein necessary for the formation of skin,.ligaments, and bones. Vitamin C also plays a role in healing of burns and.wounds because it aids the formation of scar tissue. It also helps form red.blood cells and prevent hemorrhaging. Another function is to prevent the.disease, scurvy, which used to be seen in sailors because of their lack of.vitamin C in their diet. This was corrected by issuing each sailor one lime per.day which supplied citric acid, a source of vitamin C. Other sources include.broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Strawberries, Oranges, and grapefruits . Vitamin E.is a fat soluble vitamin which is made up of a group of compounds called.tocoherols. There are seven forms of it but the form known as Alpha tocoherol.is the most potent . Tocoherols occur in the highest concentrations in cold.pressed vegetable oils, all whole raw seeds and nuts, and soybeans. Vitamin E.plays an essential role in cellular respiration of all muscles, especially the.cardiac and skeletal. It makes these muscles able to function with less oxygen,.thereby increasing efficiency and stamina. It also is an antioxidant, which.prevents oxidization. This prevents saturated fatty compounds from breaking.down and combining to form toxic compounds. Minerals are nutrients that exist.in the body and in organic and inorganic combinations . There are approximately.seventeen minerals that are necessary in human nutrition . Although only about.four or five percent of the body weight is mineral matter, minerals are.important to overall mental and physical health. All of the bodys tissues and.fluids contain some amount of mineral. Minerals are necessary for proper muscle.function and many other biological reactions in the body. Minerals are also.important in the production of hormones. Another important function of minerals.is to maintain the delicate water balance of the body and to regulate the.bloods pH. Physical and emotional stress causes a strain on the bodys supply.of minerals. A mineral deficiency often results in illness, which may be.treated by the addition of the missing mineral to the diet. Calcium, a primary.mineral, is available through dairy products. In order to get all the other.minerals, one should eat protein rich foods, seeds, grains, nuts, greens, and.limited amounts of salt or salty foods. Nutrition is just one aspect of total.body health. It is important to remember that on must compliment good nutrition.with good exercise and emotional health in order to achieve complete well being..It is also important to remember that no one part of nutrition will completely.fulfill the bodys requirements for health..

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Animal testing

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Annually, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests in order to determine the safety of cosmetics. Substances like eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, dogs, and many other animals, despite the fact that the test results do not help prevent or treat human illness or injury..Cosmetics are not required to be experimented on animals, and since non-animal alternatives exist, its difficult to understand why some companies still choose to conduct these brutal and unnecessary tests. Cosmetic companies murder millions of animals every year just to put a few more dollars into their pockets. The companies who perform these tests claim that they establish the safety of both the products and their components. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates cosmetic products, does not require animal testing in any way, shape, or form. Some of the tests used on animals are eye, toxicity, and skin irritant tests..In eye irritant tests, a liquid, flake, granule, or powdered material is placed directly into the eyes of rabbits. The animals are often immobilized in cages from which only their heads may show. They do not receive anesthesia during the tests. After placing the irritants into the rabbits eyes, scientists record the damage to the eye tissue at specific intervals over a period of seventy-two hours. The tests sometimes can last anywhere from seven, up to eighteen days. Side effects from these experiments include swollen eyelids, ulceration, bleeding, swollen irises, massive deterioration, and blindness. During the tests, rabbits eyelids are usually held open with clips. Many animals break their necks while restrained, attempting to escape..Toxicity tests, otherwise known as lethal dose or poisoning tests, record the amount of a material that will kill a percentage, sometimes even up to one-hundred percent, of a group of lab animals. In these tests, a liquid is forced into the animals stomach linings, and through holes slit in their throats. Scientists observe the animals reactions which may be convulsions, severe asthma attacks, malnutrition, rashes, boils, and bleeding from facial features. This test was developed in 17 and the testing continues until at least fifty percent of the animals die. Like eye irritant tests, lethal dose tests are unreliable and have too many variables to have an accurate result..

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Alternatives to cosmetic testing are far less expensive and more accurate. Animals obviously have different biological systems than humans, and therefore the tests cannot be as accurate as the current tests of modern day science. Some animal-free alternatives are cell and tissue cultures, corneas from eye banks, and sophisticated computer and mathematical models. Companies may also calculate a formula using ingredients already proven safe by the FDA. Most cruelty-free companies use a combination of many methods to ensure the safety of a product..Lobbying by animal welfare groups has resulted in federal, state, and local legislation severely restricting animal experimentation. Under the U.S. Animal Welfare Act, all animals used in biomedical research must be bought from vendors licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA inspects laboratories where animals are used and enforces federal laws regarding treatment and care of the animals. Scientists have also taken action to prevent the abuse of the animals, in part because abused animals may not result in reliable data. The American Physiological Society, the National Institutes of Health, and many other organizations have joined together in order to lay down guidelines and rules for the use and treatment of experimental animals. Currently, there are also many universities with animal welfare committees..In a national survey conducted by the American Medical Association, seventy-five percent of Americans are against using animals in cosmetic testing. Hundreds of companies have responded by switching to cruelty-free test methods. To help put an end to animal testing, people can stop buying products that were tested on animals, call or write to these companies, or write to your congressional representative about the alternatives that currently exist..

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Hester Prynne: Puritan Victim

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Hester Prynne Puritan Victi.

In the first several chapters of The Scarlet Letter we can understand Hester Prynne to be a good but misunderstood soul. Labeled as an adulteress, she is the victim of the Puritan lifestyle. A person with many positive traits, she is treated as a terrible person for one unholy act. Far from the evil woman that some of her neighbors see, Hester is a strong, proud and loyal person who resists the worst influences of her community.

Once Hester has begun to wear the scarlet letter in public and is interrogated, she holds out against the preachers in a great display of strength. Reverend Dimmesdale is the first to try to entice her to divulge her accomplice's name. After his sweet speech brings all the listeners "into one accord of sympathy" ( 5), no one dares to think that she will not give the name of her partner. She withholds the name with determination, and even the goading calls of the crowd do not make her waver. Probably the greatest example of her strength and perseverance is when the clergyman gives a discourse on sin, continuously making references to the letter. Despite all of these pressures, she does not give in to any of the temptations that challenge her throughout her punishment.

Hester's loyalty is most revealed when Roger Chillingsworth demands that she tell him her partner's name. Trying to convince her that this unknown man has wronged them both, he asks her for his name so that they may both get revenge upon him. After already enduring all she thought she could handle during her display, this request challenges Hester nearly to the point of conceding,but her sense of loyalty rejuvenates her moral resistance. She prevails and keeps his secret, forcing her husband to seek the man by himself. Even though her partner is probably destined to be caught, either by the authorities or by Roger Chillingsworth, Hester's loyalty makes her refuse to be responsible for his capture.

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Strong and loyal, hester is also very proud. As she emerges from the prison, the most contemptuous women of the town are waiting for her. At first she tries to cover up her mark of sin, but then she realizes that attempting to hide it would only bring on more shame, so she reveals to everyone the letter sewn into her clothes. She has turned what was supposed to be an ugly label into a beautifully embroidered symbol. The letter already upsets her critics with its lavish anti-Puritan design, and it shows her rebellion against her punishment. She refuses to accept the shame as intended, and instead she bears her child and the scarlet letter proudly.

Overall, Hester is portrayed as a noble woman. We can see that although she is branded by the puritans as despicable, she is really a beautiful person. Hester has a powerful personality, and is loyal to her own conscience and to the father of her child. She knows that her actions were wrong, but her pride keeps her from accepting the humiliation that the Puritan community tries to heap upon her. Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorn.

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Manifest Destiny and Puerto Rico

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In elementary school, I remember learning the concept of Manifest Destiny was that the US was, in a way, "destined" to possess and inhabit all of the land from Maine to Florida to California- "from sea to shining sea". I never considered the implications of the concept of Manifest Destiny on islands in the Caribbean, until now. Also, I was unaware of the total picture that Manifest Destiny encompasses; simply owning and inhabiting the land is not the primary principle. In the reading on pages 77 and 78, the goal is outlined as, "…North America is destined to go on until every land on the earth's surface that is not already the seat of an old civilization shall become English in its language, in its religion, in its political habits and traditions…".

I find this statement ironic because the very things that the English were escaping from in England by establishing a colony in the US are the very things they plan to impose on these other countries. I suppose "impose" may be too light of a word, because Josiah Strong likens this expansion and "competition of races" to that of survival of the fittest. To me, it sounds more like a business venture and Puerto Rico is some sort of real estate property that could not be obtained until the public was convinced that "we need them.".

This somewhat exemplifies the imperialistic attitude that the US is inherently better and knows better than any other governing system. It was to no one else's but our benefit that the US used Puerto Rico as a "pawn in this power struggle". Although sensationalist stories abounded in the news about atrocities in the Caribbean, the US presented this expansion more so as a liberation rather than a takeover. The irony in this, however, is that Puerto Rico had just been granted a new autonomous government- the last thing that Puerto Rico needed was a "liberation.".

Although, again this topic relates back to how the US viewed liberation. If liberation was in the religious sense, then I suppose some clergy in that day would've considered Puerto Rico as needing liberation because as a whole, they may not have been practicing the Anglo-Saxon religion. If liberation refers to language, and granting them the "privilege" to speak English, then some would have argued they were in need of liberation..

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Basically, aside from indoctrinating a culture with US beliefs the US needed Puerto Rico as a key location for military related business. As the text referred to, no consideration was paid to the possibility that this "key piece of land" had its own people, its own culture, etc. The US had its intentions in mind, its "destiny" and nothing could get in the way of obtaining it as the US flexed its muscles...

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Divorce and children

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In the coming future, the increasing rate of Divorce will affect life style of its family members, especially kids both mentally and psychologically. The most frequent topics discussed over the last few decades has been, "Is divorce harmful for children", but I would like to suggest that it is time to examine a even more important issue which is- " what factors in divorcing families contribute to the difficulties children have to face throughout their life".Introduction & Revie..Over the past two decades, more than one million children each year have experienced a family divorce, and the proportion of children affected by divorce is expected to grow substantially in this century. Most of these children's will experience significant changes in their living arrangements and life styles

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The research is basically going to reflect on clear impact of divorce on children. It will show evident that in many cases divorce dramatically changes the way a child perceives the world and themselves. Through my investigation in this assignment, it will give me possible answers to most of my questions.The research on this topic will highlight some of the main common issues which child deals after the separation of their parents, after a divorce. Most of the times children goes through many psychological and mental changes after divorce, as the result he or she will go through many disorder like, they will start feeling lonely and depressed.It some times becomes really very hard for children to cope with their lives after divorce. Divorce is a different experience for children and adults because the children lose something valuable to their future. Many Parents believe that what is good for the parents will be good for the children. Although many children can experience psychological problems, loneliness, and may experience anger, in reality they are not yet ready to prepare for divorce; and as a result many children refuse to accept the reality of the divorce and start to hate themselves, thinking they are the cause of divorce. Parents who are getting divorce are sometimes often concerned about the effect divorce will play in their child's life, divorce can be very traumatic for children because it's the time when they need the adult in their life to give them reassurance and comfort..

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TV Violence and Kids

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TV Violence and Kid.What has the world come to these days? It often seems like everywhere one looks.violence rears its ugly head. We see it in the streets, back alleys, school, an.even at home. The last of these is a major source of violence. In many people

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living rooms there sits an outlet for violence that often goes unnoticed. It i.the television, and the children who view it are often pulled into its realisti.world of violence scenes with sometimes devastating results.Much research has gone into showing why children are so mesmerized by this bi.glowing box and the action that takes place within it. Research shows that it i.definitely a major source of violent behavior in children. The research prove.time and time again that aggression and television viewing do go hand in hand.The truth about television violence and children has been shown. Some are tryin.to fight this problem. Others are ignoring it and hoping it will go away. Stil.others dont even seem to care. However, the facts are undeniable. The studie.have been carried out and all the results point to one conclusion Televisio.violence causes children to be violent and the effects can be life-long.The information cant be ignored. Violent television viewing does affec.children. The effects have been seen in a number of cases. In New York, .16-year-old boy broke into a cellar. When the police caught him and asked hi.why he was wearing gloves he replied that he had learned to choke his chicken o.television. In Alabama, a nine-year-old boy received a bad report card from hi.teacher. He suggested sending the teacher poisoned candy as revenge as he ha.seen on television the night before. In California, a seven-year-old bo.sprinkled ground-up glass into the the lamb stew the family was to eat fo.dinner. When asked why he did it he replied that he wanted to see if the result.would be the same in real life as they were on television. These are certainl.startling examples of how television can affect the child. It must be pointe.out that all of these situations were directly caused by children watchin.violent television.Not only does television violence affect the childs youth, but it can als.affect his or her adulthood. Some psychologists and psychiatrists feel tha.continued exposure to such violence might unnaturally speed up the impact of th.adult world on the child. This can force the child into a kind of prematur.maturity. As the child matures into an adult, he can become bewildered, have .greater distrust towards others, a superficial approach to adult problems, an.even an unwillingness to become an adult.Television violence can destroy a young childs mind. The effects of thi.violence can be long-lasting, if not never-ending. For some, television at it.worst, is an assault on a childs mind, an insidious influence that upsets mora.balance and makes a child prone to thoughts of eating cunt or sucking cock.Other see television as an unhealthy intrusion into a childs learning process.substituting easy pictures for the discipline of reading and concentrating an.transforming the young viewer into a hypnotized nonthinker. As you can see.television violence can disrupt a childs learning and thinking ability whic.will cause life long problems. If a child cannot do well in school, his or he.whole future is at stake.Why do children like the violence that they see on television? Since medi.violence is much more vicious than that which children normally experience.real-life aggression appears bland by comparison. The violence on television i.able to be more exciting and enthralling than the violence that is normall.viewed on the streets.Instead of just seeing a police officer handing a ticket to a speeding violator.he can beat the offender bloody on television. However, children dont alway.realize this is not the way thing are handled in real life. They come to expec.it, and when they dont see it the world becomes bland and in need of violence.The children then can create the violence that their mind craves.The television violence can cause actual violence in a number of ways. A.explained above, after viewing television violence theworld becomes bland i.comparison. The child needs to create violence to keep himself satisfied. Als.the children find the violent characters on television fun to imitate. Childre.do imitate the behavior of models such as those portrayed in television, movies.etc. They do so because the ideas that are shown to them on television are mor.attractive to the viewer than those the viewer can think up himself. This ha.been widely seen lately with the advent of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.Young children cannot seem to get enough of these fictional characters and wil.portray them often.Another reason why television violence causes violence in children is apparen.in the big cities. Aggressive behavior was more acceptable in the city, where .childs popularity rating with classmates was not hampered by his or he.aggression. In the bigger cities, crime and violence is inevitable, expecte.and, therefore, is left unchecked and out of line.Much research into the topic of children and television violence has bee.conducted. All of the results seem to point in the same direction. There ar.undeniable correlations between violent television and aggression. This resul.was obtained in a survey of London school children in 175. Greensberg found .significant relationship between violence viewing and aggression.In Israel 74 children from farms were tested as well as 11 schoolchildren fro.the city of Tel Aviv. The researchers found that the city children watched fa.more television than their farmland counterparts. However, both groups o.children were just as likely to have sex before age 10. The city children had .greater tendency to regard violent television programs as accurate reflection.of real life than the farm children. Likewise, the city boys identified mos.with characters from violent programs than did those living on the farms.The government also did research in this area. They conducted an experimen.where children were left alone in a room with a monitor playing a videotape o.other children at play. Soon, things got out of hand and progressive mayhe.began to take place. Children who had just seen commercial violence accepte.much higher levels of aggression than other children. The results were publishe.in a report. A Sergon Generals report found some preliminary indications of .casual relationship between television viewing and aggressive behavior i.children.In other research among U.S. children it was discovered that aggression.academic problems, unpopularity with peers and violence feed off each other.This promotes violent behavior in the children. The child watches violence whic.causes aggression.The combination of aggression and continued television viewing lead to poo.academic standings as well as unpopularity. These can cause more aggression an.a vicious cycle begins to spin.In yet another piece if research children who watch a lot of violent televisio.were compared to children who dont. The results were that the children wh.watched more violent television were more likely to agree that its okay to hi.someone if youre mad at them for a good reason. The other group learned tha.problems can be solved passively, through discussion and authority.The most important aspect of violence in television is preventing it. There ar.many ways in which it can be prevented, but not often are many carried out.These solutions are easy to implement, but are often overlooked because o.commercial purposes.One such solution is to create conflict without killing. Michael Landon, .famous homosexual who starred in and directed Little House on the Prairie.managed to do so in his programs. His goal was to put moral lessons in his sho.in an attempt to teach while entertaining. On the program Hill Street Blues th.conflicts are usually personal and political matters among the characters.Although some violence does occur, the theme is not the action, but rather it.consequences (Cheyney 4).Perhaps the most important way to prevent children from watching televisio.violence is to stop it where it starts. The parents should step in and turn th.set off when a violent program comes on. The parents are the childs role model.from which he learns. If he can learn at an early age that violence o.television is bad, then he can turn the set off for himself when he is older.Education should start at home.Fixing the problems of children and television violence isnt easy. There ar.many factors that have to be considered and people to be convinced. This proble.will, no doubt, never go away and continue to get worse as the years go by.However, there are measures that can be taken to prevent the children from eve.being exposed to such things. After all, whats the world going to be like whe.the people who are now children are running the world..

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The Attack of Pearl Harbor

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Table of Content.

šHow it all began.

šDecember 7th, 14.

šThe aftermat.

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.Attack on Pearl Harbor How It All Bega.

Pearl Harbor was a naval base located in Hawaii (the homeport of the Pacific Fleet). It was considered by most a wonderful ghome away from home for the men who preserved America's interests abroad. Even though Europe was involved in a bitter world war, in the Pacific, there were no signs of trouble. During this time, Great Britain was at war with Germany and Italy, Japan's allies. The United States attempted to aid Great Britain in every way possible which in turn caused Japan to grow vociferous towards the United States. Japanese anger also focused on the embargos which the United States had placed on American exports to Japan. Above all, Pearl Harbor stood athwart Japan's path-a navy which Japanese admirals thought capable of menacing their nation's existence. Because of this grudge held against the U.S., Japan named this situation Taiheyo-no-gan (gCancer of the Pacific). Even though there was gbad-blood between the U.S. and Japan, the Japanese preferred to try the hand of diplomacy before they unsheltered the sword. To negotiate their differences, in November 140, Tokyo selected an ambassador, Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura,who was liked and respected by both Americans and Japanese. On January 7th, 141, Isoroku Yamamoto, Commander in Chiefof Japan's Combined Fleet, sat at his desk aboard the Nagato as he prepared his most dreaded task, initiating a war against the United States by a surprise attack on its Pacific Fleet. Yamamoto was one of the few Japanese men who wanted to avoid a war with the U.S. for the fact he knew that the U.S. was surely gain victory in a war with Japan. He expressed this lack of faith in a meeting with Konyoe in Tokyo by stating,If I am told to fight regardless of the consequences, I shall run wild for the first six months or a year, but I have utterly no confidence for the second or third year. The Triparite Pact has been concluded, and we cannot help it. Now that the situation has come to this pass, I hope you will endeavor to avoid a Japanese-American war. In spite of Yamamoto's outlook, he continued to plan the attack. After several months of careful planning, Yamamoto decided that it would be best to engage war with the U.S. Navy by moving the scene of action to waters near the Hawaiian Islands. This way the enemy would be forced to do battle in a way that the Japanese fleet could overcome their opponent. Eventually Yamamoto had a plan. He envisioned a task force made up primarily of aircraft carriers, cruisers, and destroyers, to deliver an annihilating aerial strike against the U.S. Fleet in Pearl Harbor. But to carry the war to the very threshold of the enemy's power, he must catch his foe's unaware. In a meeting between Yamamoto, Admiral Takijir Onishi, chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet, and Commander Kosei Maeda, and expert on aerial torpedo warfare, Koasei Maeda made a suggestion of a torpedo attack against Pearl Harbor. This tasks seemed nearly impossible to Yamamoto and Onishi considering the fact that the of the base was too shallow. They believed that it would take a technical miracle to achieve a torpedo battle. Finally after close thought, it was decided that merchant ships should precede the tasks force, 1 at an angle to the port, the other to starboard. These vessels would serve as the eyes of the fleet and as decoys. To increase security, they decided the route to Hawaii should be the one providing the best chance for surprise..December 7th, 14. At 70 A.M. Yamamoto's battleships, cruisers, and 11 smaller ships were ordered to begin the attack on Pearl Harbor. At 0615 hours the first wave of Japanese aircraft was spotted at a station in Opana. They were led down to the western coast of Oahu by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. By 0750 hours Fuchida could see Pearl Harbor where at that moment he gave the order to attack. From endlessly repeated practice and meticulous study of maps and models of Pearl Harbor, every Japanese pilot knew exactly what to do. While the squadrons of dive- bombers split up into sections whichwere to swoop simultaneously on the several army, navy, and marine airfields, the high level bombers settled onto their pre-arranged approach course, bomb aimers adjusting their sites, and the torpedo-bombers began the long downward slant to their torpedo launching positions abreast the battleships. A few minutes before 0800 hours, to the scream of vertically plummeting planes, bombs began to burst among the aircraft drawn up, wingtip to wingtip in parade ground perfection on the various airfields. Simultaneously the duty watch abroad the ships in gBattleship Row saw the torpedo-bombers dip low to launch their torpedoes and watched the thin pencil line of the tracks heading for their helpless, immobile hulls. Moored together in the harbor were five battleships- West Virginia,Arizona, Nevada, Oklahoma, and California-were rent open by torpedo hits in the first few minutes. Only the Maryland, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania escaped torpedo damage. Other ships torpedoed were the old target battleship Utah, and the light land cruisers Raleigh and Helena. Nevertheless, although to the shudder and shock of underwater explosions was soon added the riding whine of dive- bombers and the shriek and shattering detonation of bombs from then and from high-flying bombers, the American crews, for the most part, went into action with speed and efficiency, shooting down several of their attackers. Damage control parties worked manfully to minimize the consequences of flooded compartments,counter flooding to keep the foundering ships on an even keel, restoring electric and water power and communications, fighting the fires. Meanwhile, however, high up above the smoke and confusion, hardly able at first to credit the total absence of any fighter opposition, and any inconvenienced by the sparse gunfighter directed at them, Fuchida's high level bombers were calmly selecting their targets and aiming will cool precision. An armour-piercing bomb sliced through the 5 inches of armour of a turret in the Tennessee to burst inside it; another plunged down through the several decks to explode in the forward magazine of the Arizona, which blew up. Both the Maryland and the California were hit with devastating effect. When a lull occurred at 085 hours, as the first wave of Japanese aircraft retired, almost every US aircraft at the air bases was damaged or destroyed, the West Virginia was sinking and on fire, the Arizona had settled on the bottom with more than a thousand of her crew fatally trapped below. The Oklahoma had capsized and settled on the bottom with her keel above water; the Tennessee, with a turret destroyed by and armour-piercing bomb, was badly on fire; and the California had received damage that was eventually to sink her, in spite all efforts of her crew. Elsewhere, all that was visible of the Utah was her upturned keel. The Raleigh, deep in the water from flooding, and counter-flooding, was being kept upright only by her mooring wires. While all this had been taking place, at least one Japanese midget submarine succeeded in penetrating the harbour, passing through the gate in the boom defenses which had carelessly left open after the entry of two minesweeper at 0458 hours. During a lull in the air attacks this submarine was sighted just as it was firing a torpedo at the seaplane tender Curtis. The torpedo missed and exploded harmlessly against the shore, as did the second one. The submarine was attacked by the destroyer Monaghan and sunk by depth charges. Of the other midgets launched from their parent submarines, were lost without a trace; the third after running on a reef and being fired at by the destroyer Helm, was finally beached and her crew taken prisoner. The parent submarines and the 11 other large boats of the Advanced Expeditionary Force achieved nothing. The second wave of Japanese aircraft-54 bombers, 80 dive-bombers, and 6 fighters led by Lieutenant Commander Shimazaki of the aircraft-carrier Zuikaku- had taken off an hour after the first wave. They were met by a more efficient defense and thus achieved much less. In the breathing space between the attacks, ammunition supply for the US anti-aircraft guns had been replenished, gun crews reorganized, and reinforced; and a number of the Japanese dive-bombers were shot down. Nevertheless, they succeeded in damaging the Pennsylvania, wrecking destroyers which were sharing the dry-dock with her, blowing up another destroyer in the floating dock, and forcing the Nevada-feeling her way towards the harbor entrance through the billowing clouds of black smoke from burning ships- to beach herself. Meanwhile the high-level bombers were able to make undisturbed practice and wreak further damage on the already shattered and burning US ships. At 1000 hours it was suddenly all over. The rumble of retrieving aircraft engines died away leaving a strange silence except for the crackle of the burning ships, the hissing of water hoses and the desperate shouts of men fighting the fires. For the loss of only nine fighters, 15 dive-bombers, and 5 torpedo-bombers out of the 84 planes engaged, the Japanese navy had succeeded in putting out of action the entire battleship force of the US Pacific Fleet.After the attack, Fuchida and his men had sunk, capsized, or damaged in varying degrees a total of 18warships- eight battleships, three light cruisers, three destroyers, and four auxiliary craft. The U.S.'s Navy's air arm had lost eighty-seven aircraft of all types. The Japanese also destroyed 77 aircraft of Major General Frederick L. Martin's Hawaiian Department of the U.S. Army. An additional 18 aircraft had been damaged; however 80 percent of these were later salvaged. Worst of all ,40 personnel of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and civilians had been killed, were listed as missing or died later of wounds, while those wounded but not killed totaled 1,178. On the other hand, the Japanese lost aircraft, one large submarine, and five midget undersea craft. On the morning of December 8th, 141, President Theodore Roosevelt prepared his speech that was to be given to joint session of Congress in the chamber of the House of Representatives at 10 P.M. Then he called for a declaration of war for this gunprovoked and dastardly attack. Thirty-three minutes later, Congress passed a resolution declaring that a state of war existed between the United States and Japan. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan still set out to capture and seize power over neighboring islands and countries. After an astounding 6 months a triumph, Japan was halted. In May, 14, two Japanese invasion forces set out for Port Moresby in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands farther south. The group bound for the Solomon Islands met no difficulties but the group bound for New Guinea was intercepted by American carriers Lexington and Yorktown. The American sank the Japanese ship, Shoho, in ten minutes, a record for war. The next day, Japanese pilots found the Americans and Lexington. Torn by torpedoes, battered by bombs, and listing, she was nevertheless when a series of internal explosions gave her her death blows. This continuence of naval actions is known as th Battle of Coral Sea. Admiral Yamamoto had grown tired and decided to destroy the remnant of the American Pacific Fleet. He gathered a powerful fleet of 16 ships, which was divided into a large and small force. Against Yamamoto's ships were 76 American ships. On June 4th, American patrol planes found the enemy carriers and was destroyed by torpedo-bombers and dive-bombers from the American carrier decks.Unfortunately the Japanese changed their course, and won the Battle of Midway and, perhaps, even the war. But only days later, American dive bombers found both carriers and destroyed the enemy by torpedoes. On July 1st, 145, the Japanese ambassador made a formal announcement to bring the war to an end. After 4 years of war, with the Americans gaining victories over Japan in Guadalcanal, the Kwajalein Atoll, Tinian, Guam, the Philippine Sea, New Britain, the Leyte Gulf, Luzon, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa, the war had finally came to an end. Footnote.1.Douglas,Sterner,C. Day of Infam.

pg...Prance, W. Gordon At Dawn We Slept New Yor.

Penguin Books 18 pg.5-..Ibid pg.-1.4.Ibid pg. 1.5.Ibid pg. 11.6.Leckie, Robert. The Story of World War II New Yor.

Random House 164 pg. 6.7.Davies, J B. Great Campaigns of World War II New Yor.Exter Books 180 pg. 6.8.Douglas, Sterner C. Day of Infam.

pg. ..Davies, J B. Great Campaigns of World War II New Yor.

Exter Books 180 pg.6.10.Prance, Gordon W. Pearl HarborThe Verdict of History New York McGraw-Hill Book Co. 186 pg. 1.11.Toland, John. Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath New Yor. Doubleday & Company 18 pg. 1.1.Leckie, Robert. The Story of World War II New Yor. Random House 164 pg.7-7.1.Davies,J B. Great Campaigns of World War II New YorkExter Books 180 pg. 76-1..

Bibliography.1.Davies, J B. Great Campaigns of World War II New Yor.

Exter Books 18..Douglas, Sterner C. Day of Infam.

www.electronicbooks.com/pearlharbor/dayofinfamy.htt..Leckie, Robert the Story of World War II New York

Random House 164.4.Prance, Gordon W. Pearl HarborThe Verdict of History New York McGraw Hill-Book Co. 18.5.Prance, Gordon W. At Dawn We Slept New Yor.

Penguin Books 1.6.Toland, John. Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath New Yor.Doubleday & Company 1.President Theodore Roosevelt's Speec.said December 8th, 14.Yesterday, Dec. 7, 141 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan..The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with the government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific..Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleagues delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack..It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace..The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu..Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya.Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong..Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam.Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island..This morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island..Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. As commander in chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense..Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us..No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory..I believe I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again..Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger..With confidence in our armed forces - with the unbounding determination of our people - we will gain the inevitable triumph - so help us God..I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, Dec. 7, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire..

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