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Table of Content.
šHow it all began.
šDecember 7th, 14.
šThe aftermat.
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.Attack on Pearl Harbor How It All Bega.
Pearl Harbor was a naval base located in Hawaii (the homeport of the Pacific Fleet). It was considered by most a wonderful ghome away from home for the men who preserved America's interests abroad. Even though Europe was involved in a bitter world war, in the Pacific, there were no signs of trouble. During this time, Great Britain was at war with Germany and Italy, Japan's allies. The United States attempted to aid Great Britain in every way possible which in turn caused Japan to grow vociferous towards the United States. Japanese anger also focused on the embargos which the United States had placed on American exports to Japan. Above all, Pearl Harbor stood athwart Japan's path-a navy which Japanese admirals thought capable of menacing their nation's existence. Because of this grudge held against the U.S., Japan named this situation Taiheyo-no-gan (gCancer of the Pacific). Even though there was gbad-blood between the U.S. and Japan, the Japanese preferred to try the hand of diplomacy before they unsheltered the sword. To negotiate their differences, in November 140, Tokyo selected an ambassador, Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura,who was liked and respected by both Americans and Japanese. On January 7th, 141, Isoroku Yamamoto, Commander in Chiefof Japan's Combined Fleet, sat at his desk aboard the Nagato as he prepared his most dreaded task, initiating a war against the United States by a surprise attack on its Pacific Fleet. Yamamoto was one of the few Japanese men who wanted to avoid a war with the U.S. for the fact he knew that the U.S. was surely gain victory in a war with Japan. He expressed this lack of faith in a meeting with Konyoe in Tokyo by stating,If I am told to fight regardless of the consequences, I shall run wild for the first six months or a year, but I have utterly no confidence for the second or third year. The Triparite Pact has been concluded, and we cannot help it. Now that the situation has come to this pass, I hope you will endeavor to avoid a Japanese-American war. In spite of Yamamoto's outlook, he continued to plan the attack. After several months of careful planning, Yamamoto decided that it would be best to engage war with the U.S. Navy by moving the scene of action to waters near the Hawaiian Islands. This way the enemy would be forced to do battle in a way that the Japanese fleet could overcome their opponent. Eventually Yamamoto had a plan. He envisioned a task force made up primarily of aircraft carriers, cruisers, and destroyers, to deliver an annihilating aerial strike against the U.S. Fleet in Pearl Harbor. But to carry the war to the very threshold of the enemy's power, he must catch his foe's unaware. In a meeting between Yamamoto, Admiral Takijir Onishi, chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet, and Commander Kosei Maeda, and expert on aerial torpedo warfare, Koasei Maeda made a suggestion of a torpedo attack against Pearl Harbor. This tasks seemed nearly impossible to Yamamoto and Onishi considering the fact that the of the base was too shallow. They believed that it would take a technical miracle to achieve a torpedo battle. Finally after close thought, it was decided that merchant ships should precede the tasks force, 1 at an angle to the port, the other to starboard. These vessels would serve as the eyes of the fleet and as decoys. To increase security, they decided the route to Hawaii should be the one providing the best chance for surprise..December 7th, 14. At 70 A.M. Yamamoto's battleships, cruisers, and 11 smaller ships were ordered to begin the attack on Pearl Harbor. At 0615 hours the first wave of Japanese aircraft was spotted at a station in Opana. They were led down to the western coast of Oahu by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. By 0750 hours Fuchida could see Pearl Harbor where at that moment he gave the order to attack. From endlessly repeated practice and meticulous study of maps and models of Pearl Harbor, every Japanese pilot knew exactly what to do. While the squadrons of dive- bombers split up into sections whichwere to swoop simultaneously on the several army, navy, and marine airfields, the high level bombers settled onto their pre-arranged approach course, bomb aimers adjusting their sites, and the torpedo-bombers began the long downward slant to their torpedo launching positions abreast the battleships. A few minutes before 0800 hours, to the scream of vertically plummeting planes, bombs began to burst among the aircraft drawn up, wingtip to wingtip in parade ground perfection on the various airfields. Simultaneously the duty watch abroad the ships in gBattleship Row saw the torpedo-bombers dip low to launch their torpedoes and watched the thin pencil line of the tracks heading for their helpless, immobile hulls. Moored together in the harbor were five battleships- West Virginia,Arizona, Nevada, Oklahoma, and California-were rent open by torpedo hits in the first few minutes. Only the Maryland, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania escaped torpedo damage. Other ships torpedoed were the old target battleship Utah, and the light land cruisers Raleigh and Helena. Nevertheless, although to the shudder and shock of underwater explosions was soon added the riding whine of dive- bombers and the shriek and shattering detonation of bombs from then and from high-flying bombers, the American crews, for the most part, went into action with speed and efficiency, shooting down several of their attackers. Damage control parties worked manfully to minimize the consequences of flooded compartments,counter flooding to keep the foundering ships on an even keel, restoring electric and water power and communications, fighting the fires. Meanwhile, however, high up above the smoke and confusion, hardly able at first to credit the total absence of any fighter opposition, and any inconvenienced by the sparse gunfighter directed at them, Fuchida's high level bombers were calmly selecting their targets and aiming will cool precision. An armour-piercing bomb sliced through the 5 inches of armour of a turret in the Tennessee to burst inside it; another plunged down through the several decks to explode in the forward magazine of the Arizona, which blew up. Both the Maryland and the California were hit with devastating effect. When a lull occurred at 085 hours, as the first wave of Japanese aircraft retired, almost every US aircraft at the air bases was damaged or destroyed, the West Virginia was sinking and on fire, the Arizona had settled on the bottom with more than a thousand of her crew fatally trapped below. The Oklahoma had capsized and settled on the bottom with her keel above water; the Tennessee, with a turret destroyed by and armour-piercing bomb, was badly on fire; and the California had received damage that was eventually to sink her, in spite all efforts of her crew. Elsewhere, all that was visible of the Utah was her upturned keel. The Raleigh, deep in the water from flooding, and counter-flooding, was being kept upright only by her mooring wires. While all this had been taking place, at least one Japanese midget submarine succeeded in penetrating the harbour, passing through the gate in the boom defenses which had carelessly left open after the entry of two minesweeper at 0458 hours. During a lull in the air attacks this submarine was sighted just as it was firing a torpedo at the seaplane tender Curtis. The torpedo missed and exploded harmlessly against the shore, as did the second one. The submarine was attacked by the destroyer Monaghan and sunk by depth charges. Of the other midgets launched from their parent submarines, were lost without a trace; the third after running on a reef and being fired at by the destroyer Helm, was finally beached and her crew taken prisoner. The parent submarines and the 11 other large boats of the Advanced Expeditionary Force achieved nothing. The second wave of Japanese aircraft-54 bombers, 80 dive-bombers, and 6 fighters led by Lieutenant Commander Shimazaki of the aircraft-carrier Zuikaku- had taken off an hour after the first wave. They were met by a more efficient defense and thus achieved much less. In the breathing space between the attacks, ammunition supply for the US anti-aircraft guns had been replenished, gun crews reorganized, and reinforced; and a number of the Japanese dive-bombers were shot down. Nevertheless, they succeeded in damaging the Pennsylvania, wrecking destroyers which were sharing the dry-dock with her, blowing up another destroyer in the floating dock, and forcing the Nevada-feeling her way towards the harbor entrance through the billowing clouds of black smoke from burning ships- to beach herself. Meanwhile the high-level bombers were able to make undisturbed practice and wreak further damage on the already shattered and burning US ships. At 1000 hours it was suddenly all over. The rumble of retrieving aircraft engines died away leaving a strange silence except for the crackle of the burning ships, the hissing of water hoses and the desperate shouts of men fighting the fires. For the loss of only nine fighters, 15 dive-bombers, and 5 torpedo-bombers out of the 84 planes engaged, the Japanese navy had succeeded in putting out of action the entire battleship force of the US Pacific Fleet.After the attack, Fuchida and his men had sunk, capsized, or damaged in varying degrees a total of 18warships- eight battleships, three light cruisers, three destroyers, and four auxiliary craft. The U.S.'s Navy's air arm had lost eighty-seven aircraft of all types. The Japanese also destroyed 77 aircraft of Major General Frederick L. Martin's Hawaiian Department of the U.S. Army. An additional 18 aircraft had been damaged; however 80 percent of these were later salvaged. Worst of all ,40 personnel of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and civilians had been killed, were listed as missing or died later of wounds, while those wounded but not killed totaled 1,178. On the other hand, the Japanese lost aircraft, one large submarine, and five midget undersea craft. On the morning of December 8th, 141, President Theodore Roosevelt prepared his speech that was to be given to joint session of Congress in the chamber of the House of Representatives at 10 P.M. Then he called for a declaration of war for this gunprovoked and dastardly attack. Thirty-three minutes later, Congress passed a resolution declaring that a state of war existed between the United States and Japan. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan still set out to capture and seize power over neighboring islands and countries. After an astounding 6 months a triumph, Japan was halted. In May, 14, two Japanese invasion forces set out for Port Moresby in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands farther south. The group bound for the Solomon Islands met no difficulties but the group bound for New Guinea was intercepted by American carriers Lexington and Yorktown. The American sank the Japanese ship, Shoho, in ten minutes, a record for war. The next day, Japanese pilots found the Americans and Lexington. Torn by torpedoes, battered by bombs, and listing, she was nevertheless when a series of internal explosions gave her her death blows. This continuence of naval actions is known as th Battle of Coral Sea. Admiral Yamamoto had grown tired and decided to destroy the remnant of the American Pacific Fleet. He gathered a powerful fleet of 16 ships, which was divided into a large and small force. Against Yamamoto's ships were 76 American ships. On June 4th, American patrol planes found the enemy carriers and was destroyed by torpedo-bombers and dive-bombers from the American carrier decks.Unfortunately the Japanese changed their course, and won the Battle of Midway and, perhaps, even the war. But only days later, American dive bombers found both carriers and destroyed the enemy by torpedoes. On July 1st, 145, the Japanese ambassador made a formal announcement to bring the war to an end. After 4 years of war, with the Americans gaining victories over Japan in Guadalcanal, the Kwajalein Atoll, Tinian, Guam, the Philippine Sea, New Britain, the Leyte Gulf, Luzon, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa, the war had finally came to an end. Footnote.1.Douglas,Sterner,C. Day of Infam.
pg...Prance, W. Gordon At Dawn We Slept New Yor.
Penguin Books 18 pg.5-..Ibid pg.-1.4.Ibid pg. 1.5.Ibid pg. 11.6.Leckie, Robert. The Story of World War II New Yor.
Random House 164 pg. 6.7.Davies, J B. Great Campaigns of World War II New Yor.Exter Books 180 pg. 6.8.Douglas, Sterner C. Day of Infam.
pg. ..Davies, J B. Great Campaigns of World War II New Yor.
Exter Books 180 pg.6.10.Prance, Gordon W. Pearl HarborThe Verdict of History New York McGraw-Hill Book Co. 186 pg. 1.11.Toland, John. Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath New Yor. Doubleday & Company 18 pg. 1.1.Leckie, Robert. The Story of World War II New Yor. Random House 164 pg.7-7.1.Davies,J B. Great Campaigns of World War II New YorkExter Books 180 pg. 76-1..
Bibliography.1.Davies, J B. Great Campaigns of World War II New Yor.
Exter Books 18..Douglas, Sterner C. Day of Infam.
www.electronicbooks.com/pearlharbor/dayofinfamy.htt..Leckie, Robert the Story of World War II New York
Random House 164.4.Prance, Gordon W. Pearl HarborThe Verdict of History New York McGraw Hill-Book Co. 18.5.Prance, Gordon W. At Dawn We Slept New Yor.
Penguin Books 1.6.Toland, John. Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath New Yor.Doubleday & Company 1.President Theodore Roosevelt's Speec.said December 8th, 14.Yesterday, Dec. 7, 141 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan..The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with the government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific..Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleagues delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack..It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace..The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu..Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya.Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong..Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam.Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island..This morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island..Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. As commander in chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense..Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us..No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory..I believe I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again..Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger..With confidence in our armed forces - with the unbounding determination of our people - we will gain the inevitable triumph - so help us God..I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, Dec. 7, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire..
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