Abstract on F.S. Berry, Innovation in Public Management: The Adoption of StrategicPlanning (State), Public Administration Review 54 (July/August 1994): 322-330

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From 180 to 11 there was a large increase in the number of state agencies that began to use strategic planning to increase their productivity. This article grew out of a lack of detailed study as to what conditions were causing the increase of strategic planning. Berry identified four reasons that state agencies are likely to adopt strategic planning, " (1) early in gubernatorial administrations, () under conditions of strong fiscal health, () when agencies work closely with private sector businesses, and (4) as the number of neighboring state agencies that have already adopted strategic planning increases".The Definition if Strategic plannin

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At the time this article was written, strategic planning was a relatively new process. It was a method for managers to increase productivity and efficiency by tying responsiveness to citizens, quality services, employee empowerment and a planning process that is tied to the organization's mission and values. The author goes on to define Strategic Planning as "a process that has four basic features (1) a clear statement of organization's mission; () the identification of the agency's external constituencies or stakeholders, and the determination of their assessment of the agency's purposes and operations; () the delineation of the agency's strategic goals and objectives, typically in a - to 5-year plan; and (4) the development of the strategies to achieve them". She then proposed 6 hypotheses to support her findings.Fiscal Health

Berry's first hypothesis is that " the fiscal health of an agency affects the likelihood of the agency adopting strategic planning". More specifically, she feels that agencies with strong financial standing will be more likely to use strategic planning because they have the capital to resource and implement strategic plans. Conversely, organizations that are in financial trouble will cut back on programs and initiatives in an attempt to save money. She does concede that there is existing literature that reports the opposite.Agency Siz.

Her second hypothesis states "the larger an agency the more likely it is to adopt strategic planning". She found that large organizations have a tendency to be more innovative than smaller organizations. Her studies point to the larger organization which typically would have a more diverse staff of specialists and professionals who work together to create new ideas.Leadership cycl.

Berry feels that the timelines of politics also plays a significant role in the likelihood of strategic planning. Since the governor of a state and the administrators and politicians play a large role in the change of an organization, the coming and going of leadership will impact the willingness of an organization to foster innovation. This brings us to the third hypothesis, " In the gubernatorial administration cycle, agencies are most likely to adopt strategic planning in the year after a new governor is elected, second most likely is in the year after a governor is re-elected, and least likely in the year of a gubernatorial election". The adoption of strategic planning immediately following an election is due to the new leadership wanting to put a "symbol of their personal leadership" on the organization. Also, the first year of a governor's new term is when most new agency directors will be appointed and the most change in policy will take place in conjunction with the new governor's agenda.Agency Orientatio.The forth and fifth hypotheses relate directly to the way an agency does business. The fourth is "Agencies that work closely with private sector businesses are more likely to adopt strategic planning than agencies that do not". She feels that those agencies that are in constant contact with private sector businesses are more likely to be familiar with strategic planning management techniques. The fifth hypothesis is based on the type of customer that an organization has. Berry feels that a true service oriented organization will be better suited to strategic planning. She states "the greater the extent to which an agency delivers its services directly to the citizens as opposed to other state agencies or local governments, the more likely it is to adopt strategic planning".Regional Diffusio.The final Hypothesis states, "Agencies are more likely to adopt strategic planning as the number of'sister' agencies in neighboring states that have adopted strategic planning increases". Her reasoning for this is that regional government often looks to each other for policy trends. This lends to the tendency of agency directors looking at their neighboring state agencies for ideas on how to better themselves.Conclusio.

The remainder of the article is devoted to the raw data that was gathered during Berry's research. This article provided some good points for the employee of state agencies to make a case for implanting Strategic Planning in their agencies. The underlying theme appeared to be the need for state and governmental organizations to adopt more private sector business practices. She does end with a caution that private sector practices do need to be modified to ensure that they supports the unique characteristics of public service...

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Levi's jeans advertising

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International marketing communication.Critique of a Global Marcoms Campaig.Levi¡¦s Type 1 Jeans Campaig.Introductio.

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This paper is going to access an international organization¡¦s marcomss and critic its current ineffective marketing campaign as well as giving recommendations for its future marcom campaigns. Levi¡¦s had been chosen as the organization to be accessed and giving suggestions. There are several reasons for choosing Levi¡¦s, firstly; Levi¡¦s is most popular brand of jeans selling worldwide. Secondly, Levi¡¦s traditionally spend huge amount of money on its marcom campaigns. Thirdly, Jeans market is becoming more competitive nowadays as the emergence of designer brands and more fashion jeans brands..This paper will be divided into four chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of whole paper which will discuss about the reason of choosing Levi¡¦s and the structure of this paper. The second chapter is the background information of Levi¡¦s and its external and internal audit, the simple history background and development of Levi¡¦s and its external and internal audit with a focus on the marcom will be discussed. The third chapter will be included the critique of Levi¡¦s Type 1 Campaign and recommendations. The last chapter is conclusion.Background of Levi Strauss & Co.Levi Strauss & Co. (LS&CO.) is the first company produces jeans in the world. Founded in 185 by Bavarian immigrant Levi Strauss is one of the worlds largest brand-name apparel marketers with sales in more than 100 countries..Today, the Levis trademark is one of the most recognized in the world and this can reflect Levi¡¦s strong and effective campaign through out the world for a long time. However, not every marcom campaign is effective..Levi Strauss & Co. employs a staff of approximately 1,400 people worldwide, including approximately 1,500 people at its San Francisco, California headquarters..Levi Strauss & Co. is a worldwide corporation organized into three geographic divisions.VLevi Strauss, the Americas (LSA), based in the San Francisco headquarter.VLevi Strauss Europe, Middle East and Africa (LSEMA), based in Brussel.VAsia Pacific Division (APD), based in Singapore (www.levistruress.com.External Audi.„XIndustry trend.The growth of the jeans is slow down during 10s. According to Business Week¡¦s report on 000 the jeans market has risen by some 4%/yr since the mid-10s. Although the jeans market is growing, the market share of the major player Levi¡¦s losing its market share from 10s throughout 000s world wide. According to the same report by Business Week Levis jeans market share may have decreased from 1% to approximately 17% in the last decade, estimates by analysts. The reason that Levi¡¦s loss its market share might be because Levi¡¦s rely on single brand products Levi¡¦s 501 for more than 10 years and also the similar advertising and marcom campaigns make audiences feel bored with them.In addition the jeans market is becoming more and more competitive. Since the strong competition come from the jeans competitors such as Lee, Wrangler, Diesel and Pepe. Competition from the fashion brands such as Gap, competition from the designer brands such as Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, Polo, Paul Smith and Armani. Therefore, the jeans market¡¦s competition is becoming tough and the effective marketing campaign can be very important tool to gain the market share.„XTarget consume.Traditionally, male is more important than female in jeans market. Since males buy more jeans than female but the situation is changing the growth of the female¡¦s jeans market is faster than male¡¦s (see table 1). From the table we expected the sales of the women¡¦s jeans market will become more important in the future.The Jeans Market 000-00..Percentag.001 000of chang..

Mens jeans sales $6.18 billion $6.00 billion+..

Womens jeans sales $4.80 billion $4.51 billion+6..Source Mintel International Group Ltd.„XCompetitors and their communication strategies and effectivenes.The main competitors in the market will be Lee and Wrangle from the United States both owned by VF Corp and Diesel from Italy. They all active and success involved in marcom campaigns..Le.Lee has used online films to reposition a brand. Lee has proven to be one of the more skilled Web-film marketers. In fall of 000, Lee created a Lee Dungarees campaign. The company e-mailed 50,000 consumers, age from 17 to , with short movies featuring villainous characters. It then built online games and websites based on those villains, and eventually unrolled a TV campaign that showed the link between Lee Dungarees and the villains. That campaign saw one fourth of those who opened the e-mails (http//www.business.com/articles/web/0,165,47,00.html).Wrangle.Wrangler runs 5 Western commercials along with six new spots for its Hero brand. Print ads will run in magazines such as Sports Illustrated and People. Wrangler will also run ads in womens magazines because 70% of the purchases of male products are done by women..Wrangler spent GBP 15million on European campaigning. There are two rodeo riders who are the stars of a television advertising campaign for Wranglers. Substantial sales are at stake. In the UK market alone, more than m pairs of jeans at a value of more than GBP 00 million were sold in the 1 months to the middle of last year (Financial Times London, 17)..Diese.Diesel was one of the first companies to have a major presence on the Internet (www.diesel.com) - opening its site in 15. Today the site contains information about all Diesel clothing collections, as well as its licensed products, plus a complete archive of all Diesel advertising. Members of the Diesel Club receive new information, exclusive previews and regular updates via email. 1 - BIMA (British Interactive Media Awards), Winner - Virtual Store; Design Councils Design Effectiveness Awards, Winner - Virtual Store and email marketing database; Design Week Magazine Awards, Multimedia Graphics, Finalist - Virtual Store; 000 - Design Week Magazine Awards, Site award 55DSL (www.diesel.com).Internal Audi.„XProduct-market.The main product of Levi¡¦s is jeans and the market will be mainly youth market which is youngster age between 15 and 5. Although, Levi¡¦s also consumed by middle age people since they used to wear Levi¡¦s jeans when they are young, Levi¡¦s marcom campaign mainly target young people.„X Location.Since, the main consumer of Levi¡¦s is young people age from 15 to 5. Majority of youngsters in between this age group may in schools or universities. However, small proportion of this age group may be working.„X Success of previous communication.Levi¡¦s had been involved in marcom for a very long period of time. Most of the marketing campaigns had been successful in terms of sales and brand image. However, consistence of using same method of TV advertising campaign with out creative ideas, new elements and new Medias. Levi¡¦s suffer from a slum of sale during 10s. Until, late 10s the company starts to apply creative ideas and different channels and methods of carry out marcom. For example, Award-winning ad campaign makes Engineered Jeans the brand leader (http//www.designcouncil.info/picturedesk/ge-pdfs/levisbbh.pdf).„X Role/contribution of marcoms (strategically and tactically.The role of marcom for Levi¡¦s is very vital since the jeans market is becoming more and more competitive and the young consumers¡¦ taste also change quickly. The contribution of the marcom to Levi¡¦s can be say ¡§invaluable¡¨ since the marcom campaign make Levi¡¦s to become a most recognized jeans brand globally. That also contributes to the Levi¡¦s brand equity as well as brand image..Background of Levi¡¦s Type 1 Jeans Campaig.This year 00 is the 150 anniversary of Levi¡¦s. In order to celebrate this imperative year of Levi¡¦s had launched brand new jeans which is Levi¡¦s Type 1 Jeans. The marcom campaign to support the launch of the Type 1 started on February, 00 and this campaign is running globally with integrated marcom tools. This campaign is the most expensive marcom campaign that Levi¡¦s had been launch in its history. ¡§The multi-million pound campaign, for its Type 1, jeans is the most expensive yet - although the company is refusing to disclose the exact cost¡¨(British News, 00). However, Levi¡¦s Type 1 Jeans Campaign seems not an effective campaign which will be discussed and recommendations will be given in the next part.Critique of Levi¡¦s Type 1 Jeans Campaign and Recommendation.VTarget Audienc.„ The Type 1 campaig.The target audience of Levi¡¦s Type 1 Jeans Campaign is both male and female aged from 15 ¡V 5 and fashionable, cool and sexy. Most of people in this group already had experience with Levi¡¦s and its product and the positive attitude toward Levi¡¦s and its product also expected due to the pervious successful marcom¡¦s campaigns. The target audience for the jeans market is often clear. However, it is also the most difficult group to communicate, since their taste and fashion is change more quickly than what you think..„ Recommendation.In my opinion Levi¡¦s have not problem to identify their target audience but more communication may needed to keep up with the target audience such as face to face interview or focus groups can be carried out by marketing departments in different countries. In addition, the type 1 jeans also produce for kid¡¦s market and Levi¡¦s also consumed by many middle age people. However, majority of Levi¡¦s marcom campaigns only focus on young people. These two markets may be also important to Levi¡¦s in the future. Levi¡¦s have to consider launching individual marcom campaigns for them. VObjective.„ The Type 1 campaig.The objectives of the Levi¡¦s Type 1 Jeans campaign are as follo.1.To celebrate 150 years anniversar..To boost the sale of new Levi¡¦s Type 1 Jean..To increase brand equit.„ Recommendation.The objectives of Levi¡¦s in the future could be more focus on building up consumer loyalty and brand image. Jeans is a low involvement decision product, which means the purchasing of jeans is a symbolic projection and emotive appeal. Thus build up consumer loyalty and brand image and equity by frequently marcoms are necessary. Also, remember the objectives have to be easy to measure. Usually, sales is the most popular indicator to be measured..VStrateg.„ The Type 1 campaig.The strategy of Levi¡¦s Type 1 campaign used Super Bowl to get the attention of target audience about the launch of Type 1 jeans driven them through SMS and TV to visit Levi¡¦s Web site and answer questions about Type 1 Jeans. The prize of Super Bowl include a pair of ¡§world¡¦s most valuable Type 1 jeans¡¨ cost USD $85,000 and Cash USD $65, 000. However, the company did not consider some technical problems such as if too many people surfing on the web site at the same time; the display of the website will become very slow. Also, sometimes super bowl is not a cost effective method to launch a new product..„ Recommendations-TV.Super bowl is not a new strategy to get attention of target audience but its cost effective had been argued. Levi¡¦s could give a number of prizes rather than a super bowl, since many people may consider the chance of wining a prize. More chances of wining a price more people will be attracted to join the game. Levi¡¦s should not try to attract too many people to surf their web site at the same time, it is very dangerous for their target audience to have bad experience when the server is too slow that will cause negative image of the company. VMessag.„ The Type 1 campaign- Message conten.Generally, the message content of the campaign of Type 1 jeans is to inform target audience that Levi¡¦s produced a breed new bold jeans. However the way to present message in an appealing manner is ineffective in Type 1 Campaign. In TV ad use fear ¡§mice people¡¨ (see appendices 1) and music but on the poster and web site use cool, sexy model and also surrealism in the film available (see appendices )on-line which it totally different from the TV ad for same campaign Type 1 jeans campaign. Type 1 jeans TV ad did not encode the message well to audience until the end of the ad shows ¡§Levi¡¦s A Bold New Breed Jeans¡¨. The target audience seems difficult to decode the message from the ad until last.„ Recommendations- Message conten.Levi¡¦s have to use similar appeals to present message content for a campaign otherwise the target audience may confuse about the content of the message and the whole brand image. Fear can be an effective appeal but sometimes does not work or even damage the brand image and this has to bear in mind.„ The Type 1 campaign- Message structur.The message of the Levi¡¦s TV ad and films online for type 1 campaign both has a very strong start and giving main message at the end. That make sense since the Levi¡¦s jeans is a low involvement product is suitable to use a strong start to have a primacy effect. However, too strong or not a suitable start will destroy whole campaign. For example, Levi¡¦s use ¡§mice people¡¨ as a actor for its TV ad for Type 1 jeans. Imagine how many people scare of or hate mice. Once they saw mice in the TV they may turn off TV or change channel. That is a big risk for Levi¡¦s in this campaign..„ Recommendations- Message structur.Levi¡¦s have to consider the suitable ways to start the message. The best way to get young people¡¦s attention may not be fear, it could be sex. Levi¡¦s had been using sex in its campaign and it is quite successful and that may gain success again.„ The Type 1 campaign- Message forma.Type 1 jeans campaign use traditional Levi¡¦s symbol as the semiotic through out the campaign. This Levi¡¦s symbol already becomes the most popular symbol in the jeans market globally..„ The Type 1 campaign- Message sourc.The message source of the Type 1 jeans campaign is not consistent. In TV ad us.¡§mice people¡¨ but in the poster and web site use cool and sexy model to present th.message. Mice people is not effective at all and also the cool and sexy model alread.used in many of the Levi¡¦s campaign..Recommendations- Message sourc.Levi¡¦s may consider using the most influential in young people to be the source of the message source in the future. ¡§David Beckham¡.VTypes of marcom.„ The Type 1 campaig.Levi¡¦s Type 1 campaign use advertising and direct marketing as the method to communicate with their target audience. Advertising will be included TV and cinema, print and in store and direct marketing will be SMS. These media will be discussed in detail in next section. The choice of advertising and direct marketing seems a good match according to the strengths and weakness.Advertising Direct marketing.AdvantagesDisadvantages Advantages Disadvantages.Mass coverage Non personalPersonal Limited coverag.High degree of control on messageDifficult to measure Build relationship in long ter.Raising awareness of consumer product Work best in collectivistic cultur.Source lecture power point by Dr. Sha.However, nowadays young people become more and more individualism so the advertising may not work best for young people..„ Recommendation.Levi¡¦s had long been involved in the public relation and social responsibility in order to build up its brand image and equity. However, the company may consider launch some specific public relation or social responsibility campaign for individual campaign. By using advertising, direct marketing and public relation for a campaign the company can enjoy the benefits of integrated marcom such as synergy and greater market precision.VMedi.„ The Type 1 campaign-TV and Cinem.The Levi¡¦s use a gang of mice people (see appendices 1) and humans, who kidnap a cat belonging to a wealthy woman and hold it to ransom in it ad. This is a 60 seconds ad showed on February, 00. Although, this ad is a creative idea, it is totally unsuccessful. Since, the image of the mice is not match the product ¡§jeans¡¨ or brand ¡§Levi¡¦s¡¨ and also cause anxiety. This may cause negative image on the Levi¡¦s brand image. According to some study TV is not popular among young people nowadays and most of people will skip ads (Solomon, 16).„ Recommendations- TV and Cinem.Using TV advertising to target young people now may not be as effective as past. Since, young people now have more choice of entertainments than past. According to Wang 001 suggested that using internet become a more popular leisure activity among adolescents. Levi¡¦s have to spend less money on ineffective media and to found effective media to reach their target audience such as Web page, SMS and E-mail some of them Levi¡¦s already using but have to keep up dated with the changes. In addition, chosen an actor to represent Levi¡¦s and its jeans is very important to its brand image. Levi¡¦s should choose the actors which fit the brands image and the product. For example, the 185 advert featuring Nick Kamen stripping to his boxer shorts was credited with boosting yearly sales by 800%. However, the most influential people among young population around the world now may be David Beckham. „ The Type 1 campaign-Magazine.The magazine had been used for the Type 1 campaign in the USA. Levi¡¦s launched print ad in Swimsuit Issue magazine. This is a popular magazine among youngster. However, the name of the magazine Swimsuit Issue seems not match the image of Levi¡¦s.„ Recommendations- Magazin.Levi¡¦s can launch their print ad in both male and female fashion magazine. It is because more and more male fashion magazine available in the market now and traditionally female fashion magazine is a good way to reach female audience. As I mention pervious female jeans market is growing faster than males. However, these magazine should be targeted youth market same as Levi¡¦s. In addition, according to Bogart, 18 about 0% of students read their college newspaper at least one day a week in the USA. Levi¡¦s could try to post their print ad in college newspaper.„ The Type 1 campaign-Web sit.Levi¡¦s use web site as a communication media to increase the awareness of Typ.1 jeans. The Web site for Type 1 jeans in Europe and the US contain in the mai.Levi¡¦s page but in Japan and Taiwan they have separate page for Type 1 jeans and th.design also quite different. Especially the Type 1 Jeans we site in Taiwan is not matc.go with the Levi¡¦s image sexy. The web page show a female model shaving her lon.hair (see appendices ). In the main Levi¡¦s web site there are five simple onlin.games for Type 1 jeans, the games is not attractive at all since it is too simple.„ Recommendation.15Levi¡¦s should make the web site design consistent through out its international web site and small adjustments have to be make according to different nations. Levi¡¦s should consider cooperating with electronic or computer game producer to produce more interesting and entertaining games with the actors wear Levi¡¦s jeans. Since, playing electronic and computer game may be the most popular leisure activities for young people globally..VTiming of implementatio.„ The Type 1 campaig.Levi¡¦s launching Type 1 campaign on February it seems not a good or suitable time to launch global marcom campaign. As American planning to attack Iraq and every day news seems negative to America. Because people wondering its aims of attacking Iraq. The atmosphere all over the world is becoming tense and the image of America also becoming negative in many countries. Levi¡¦s chose this time to launch its campaign is not a good decision and also make the campaign less effective..„ Recommendation.Levi¡¦s have to consider the external environment when they want to launch campaign especially, international campaign which is more important to realize the potential impact of the external environment. If the company found that is not a good time for its marcoms campaign, they should found another period of time to launch...Reasons for giving above recommendations.The recommendation giving above had considered the intense competition in the jeans market, the trend in the market, the behavior of the target market and also the ability of the company. In the future the company has to keep up with the change of the behavior and the taste of the target consumer. Also keep pace with the technology changes which can be apply for the marcoms in a more cost effective way.Conclusio.Levi¡¦s had been in the jeans market for 150 years and the company had create a very strong brand image and equity by its marcoms. However, this Type 1 jeans campaign seems not a very effective campaign in this year. The company has to carry out more research to understand their target consumers and communicate more with their advertising agency in order to carry out effective marcom campaign. In the future, marcom expect to be more important for Levi¡¦s, since the strong competitors also invest heavily in marcoms to gain consumer loyalty. Levi¡¦s should apply new technology in a right way into their marcom campaign in order to maximize marcom¡¦s effectiveness. Referenc.Malone, S. (00) ¡¥By The Numbers¡¦, Women¡¦s Wear Daily, , 61.Palmieri, J.E. (17) ¡¥Adding More Mass to Its Mass Market Share¡¦, Fairchild Publications, 7, 511.Rossiter, J.R & Percy, L. (17) Advertising Communication & Promotion Management, nd edition, Singapore, McGraw-Hil.Smith, A. (17) ¡¥MARKETING / ADVERTISING / MEDIA Return to the wild frontier Wranglers European challenge to Levis jeans bucks the campaign trend its rival has set¡¦, Financial Times London,.Solomon, M.R (16) Consumer Behavior Buying Having and Behavior, rd Edition, United States, Prentice-Hall.Levis Type 1 Jeans Print Campaign to Break in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, 1-Feb-00, Business Wir.Mice models aim for jeans sales success, Jan 0 00 British New.(000) ¡¥Can Levis Be Cool Again?¡¦, Business Week, p14.http//www.dmc.co.uk/index.php?bz0yN.http//www.internetnews.com/IAR/article.php/15604.http//media.guardian.co.uk/advertising/story/0,74,77185,00.htm.http//www.levistrauss.com/about.http//www.wirelessadwatch.com/news/00/news00018.shtm.http//www.trendcentral.com/trends/trendarticle.asp?tcArticleId=74.http//saltyt.antville.org/00010.http//www.ananova.com/business/story/sm_74147.htm.http//www.fashionwindows.com/visualprofiles/00/levis.as.http//quickstart.clari.net/qs_se/webnews/wed/bo/Bca-levi_s-jeans.RmLs_DFD.htm.http//www.clickz.com/feedback/buzz/print.php/15657.http//www.imediaconnection.com/content/news/01060c.as.http//www.tdctrade.com/mne/garment/garment00401.ht.http//www.diesel.co.http//www.designcouncil.info/picturedesk/ge-pdfs/levisbbh.pd.

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Anylazation of tony soprano

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Tony Soprano, the son of Johnny Boy Soprano was, born in 15. He grew up in Newark and West Orange, New Jersey. "Violence was a standard component of his childhood he once witnessed his dad and uncle chase down and viciously beat a guy for being late with a numbers payment; another time he watched Johnny Boy amputate a debtor's finger with a meat cleaver. Johnny Boy utilizes his fists at home, too; although he never struck his two daughter, when Tony transgressed his father would send him flying. Tony's mother, Livia, dealt with emotional beatings; depressive and paranoid, she was incapable of affection- she once threaten to plunge a fork into his eye and constantly told Tony he'd never amount to anything. But the coup de grace came years later when Tony put her into a nursing home; she conspired with Junior to have him killed." (www.hbo.com). Now, Tony is married to Carmella, whom he met in high school. They have two children together, Meadow and A.J. junior. Tony tells people he is in the waste management business, but in all reality he is the head boss of the DiMeo family. The largest criminal organization in New Jersey. He is currently seeing a psychiatrist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi to be treated for his panic attacks. Dr. Melfi believes the causes of the attacks are from built up anger, guilt and grief. Over all this pretty much sums up Tony Soprano and how he grew up.

One of the theories I felt Tony Soprano went well with was Adler's theory of striving for person superiority. According to Adler there is, "one dynamic force behind people's behavior it is striving for success or superiority" (Feist pg. 66). As stated in the book, "Some people strive for superiority with little or no concern for others. Their goals are personal ones, and their strivings are motivated largely by exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority. Some people create clever disguises for their personal striving and may consciously or unconsciously hide their self-centeredness behind the cloak of social concern" (Feist pg. 68).

In one episode Tony Soprano and the other capos decide that he should take over the family while letting Uncle Junior think he's running things. In this episode Tony was pretending to be concerned for the well being of his uncle and the other members of his "family". He was hiding his "self-centeredness behind the cloak of social concern", and was acting concerned for the well being of others. He acted like he cared and did not want anyone in the "family" to get caught up with the police. He also did not want his uncle to feel incompetent or incapable of being able to be the mob boss. In all reality Tony Soprano just wanted to be the mob boss. This is one way how Tony created a cleaver disguise. He pretended to care about everyone when all he really cared about was his personal gain.

Another cleaver disguise Tony Soprano has is his cover up job that he tells people he does so they will not know he works in the mafia. His cover up job is in the waste management business. Even his cover up job has to be something of a higher status. Tony Soprano tells everyone he works in the waste management business, even his own children. In one episode Meadow, Tony's daughter tells Anthony Jr. what their dad really does for a living. Anthony Jr. had no clue that his own father was involved in the mafia he really believed that his dad was in the waste management business. This is another example of how Tony Soprano created a cleaver disguise or lie in order to succeed further in his personal striving for becoming the leader of the mob.

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Tony Soprano is continuously having intimate relationships with women other than his wife, Carmella. In one episode "Tony is experiencing a side affect of Prozac which is impotency. He meets the beautiful Isabella, the exchange student from next door. It turns out Isabella is a figment of his imagination." (http//organizedcrime). This is one of many examples of how Tony Soprano acts on his "exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority" (Feist, 68). If Isabella was real it would be fair to make the assumption that Tony would have tried to get physically involved with her. He would do so with no remorse, and also without taking his wife's feelings into consideration of how she would feel if she found out what her husband is doing. He feels that he is not only superior in his work life, but also in his home life and he can do as he pleases without thinking of how others would feel about his actions.

In another episode "Tony's wife, Carmella and his new girlfriend strike up a friendship, and Tony breaks up with her. Gloria threatens to go to Carmella. He then has Patsy Parisi visit Gloria who warns her to disappear." (Http//organizedcrime) . Tony does not care about these women's feelings; his only concern is his happiness and well being. He did not break up with Gloria because he saw the light, and realized that cheating was wrong. He did not leave Gloria because his family meant more to him than some woman on the side, because Tony has many women on the side. He broke things off with Gloria because he did not want his wife to find out because then it would start yet another fight between then. A fight that could be avoided if he broke things off with his mistress, which he did and with no remorse to how the mistress felt. Tony did not care because he had no feelings involved in the relationship between him and the mistress. She meant nothing to him, but a woman on the side. This is yet another example of how Tony acted on his "exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority."(Feist, 68)..

The second theorist I chose was, Horney. I chose the Basic Anxiety The neurotic needs theory. As stated in the book, "In 14, Horney tentatively identified ten categories of neurotics in their attempts to combat basic anxiety. The ten categories of neurotic needs over lapped one another, and a single person might employ more than one" (Feist,160). Tony Soprano has the neurotic need for power. According to the book the neurotic need for power is, "Power and affection are perhaps the two greatest neurotic needs. The need for power is usually combined with the needs for prestige and possession and manifests itself as the need to control others and to avoid feelings of weakness or stupidity" (Feist, 161). The second neurotic need Tony Soprano has is the neurotic need for perfection and unassailability. As stated in the book the neurotic need fro perfection and unassailability is, "by striving relentlessly for perfection, neurotics receive "proof" of their self-esteem and personal superiority, They dread making mistakes and having personal flaws, and they desperately attempt to hid their weakness from others." (Feist, 16).

In one episode, "Jackie robs a card game, kills the dealer and shoots Furio. When Tony finds out he realized he has to take care of what happened. Jackie begs Tony to save his life and Tony declines. Tony lets Ralph Cifaretto, who ran the card game settle the score with Jackie Jr. Raphine whacks the boy. Tony had to go through with the murder or other wise he would be showing a weakness which he can not do. In his line of work he always has to show authority and can not show emotion or others will lose respect for him resulting in a loss of power. This is only one example of how example of how of how Tony feels the "need to control others and to avoid feeling of weakness or stupidity" (Feist, 161).

In another episode, "Tony is too busy talking to a girl he drops his guard enough to allow two hit men to take a couple of shots at him. He manages to waste one of them, and turns down an offer to join the witness protection program" (http//organizedcrime). If Tony did not take care of this problem himself, the other members in his family would not look up to him. Some may even lose respect for him if he was to join the witness protection program. Therefore Tony chooses not to join the witness protection program "to avoid feelings of weakness or stupidity" (Feist, 161).

In another episode, "Tony Soprano, a capo in the New Jersey mob secretly begins seeing a psychiatrist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi , after suffering from anxiety attacks." (http//organizedcrime) Tony Soprano has to secretly receive treatment for his anxiety attacks because he has to "hide his weakness from others." (Feist,16). If Tony Soprano was to let the "family" know of the anxiety attacks he would look weak and the "family" members would think that being the mob boss is a job Tony can not handle. Which may result in Tony losing his position as the mob boss, and that would take away from his personal superiority.

In another episode, "Tony's boss, his Uncle Junior, wants to use a restaurant belonging to a friend of Tony's to murder Pussy Malenga, but Tony has the restaurant blown up instead." (http//orginizedcrime). This is yet another example of how Tony Soprano receives "proof" of his personal superiority." He goes above the boss' decision of having someone murdered, and blows the place up instead. He does this to prove not only to himself, but to others of just how superior he really is.

Overall, I do feel both of the theories come to the same conclusion. I do not feel that in this case, with this individual it is possible to choose one theory over the other. I strongly feel that both theories fit Tony Soprano equally. The broad conclusion of both theories is that Tony Soprano can not deal with failure or being average. He has to be superior in what ever he does. Tony Soprano will also do what ever it takes to maintain that superiority, no matter who he has to hurt.

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Rape or Escape

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In last decade or so suddenly a virtually unknown crime was introduced in the United States. This crime was labeled acquaintance rape sometimes known as date rape. Was this a crime or was this an escape for women with loose morals that had sex and then regret? Are women more educated and understand that no means no and if so what did us poor women believe before, that no means yes? The meaning of no didn't change but the definition of rape did. The definition was changed to meet women's needs to help them explain their guilt.. I do not dispute that rape is a horrible experience and that it should be punished with the harshest punishment available. I do however, as a woman, dispute the fact that women were not intelligent enough to know ten or twenty years ago that if a women said no they did not mean yes..In a Ms. Magazine publication in 185, Koss asked women to look at their situations again and read the fine print about would be considered rape. Many of these women did not consider these incidents to be rape but later changed their opinion due to the definition. They changed their mind but yet the majority of them stated they had or would sleep with their "attackers" again. This should make many victims of rape angry. Take a look back to times were unwed mothers were looked down upon, look at the victims of rape back then. Some of these victims were so ashamed of being raped they gave up their children born from rape to hide the shame of being raped. Where are these women to stand up and say this is a farce? I'm sure that these women will tell you they wouldn't go back to have sex with these criminals. Just because you know someone does it make rape any less of a crime? Nobody should believe that because you know someone it is okay for an acquaintance to tie you up and have their way with you. This should not be a sexual encounter that you want to repeat..The definition of rape has changed in some states; such as California unwanted kissing can be considered as a sexual assault. If you are on a date with a man he has to ask if he can kiss you prior to leaning over and attempting the. These are the times we are in. When does this stop? Do we continue to allow these laws to be changed because someone was ashamed that they kissed an ugly man at the bar and decide to have him charged in order to protect their pride. This is the case in some of these incidents. There are women that openly admit that they decided the next day they did not want sex with that person. You should not be able to make up your mind after the fact and in some states it is perfectly legal to do so if you did not commit to a yes or no the night before

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As women we need to stand up and show that we are not fragile shards of glass and be responsible for our actions. Men should be accountable for their actions but so should women. Rape needs to be clearly defined and there shouldn't be a separation between date rape and rape. Rape is rape, no is no and that has never changed. We need to stop sugar coating the laws to excuse our behaviors by putting clear-cut guidelines and laws into affect that cannot be used as an escape for loose morals..

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To be Human is to be free

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The two Iranian sisters had big dreams. They had ambitious career goals. One loved computer games. The other liked to chat on the Internet. But these werent any run-of-the-mill sisters...This pair happened to be joined at the head. For 8 years, Ladan and Laleh Bijani had somehow managed to live two separate lives in one body. But finally, it seemed like there had been too many compromises. Already, the pair had acceded to Ladans wishes to study law, even though Laleh wanted to become a journalist. So they decided to undergo a risky, separation surgery...Buy custom To be Human is to be free term paper

Long before they were wheeled into the operation theatre, the sisters knew their survival was in doubt. Yet they went ahead in the hope that they would emerge liberated from a life spent in captivity. In effect, they had preferred death to living in bondage. The twins embodied humankinds perennial quest for liberation. They may have been in a physical union, but they were two individuals, two completely separate people..It was their right to live separate, and despite an ethics debate on whether the surgery should have even been performed, it remains that they were fully informed and capable of giving their consent. As they told a news conference, they had wanted to be separated from the moment they opened their eyes. More touching, though, was their simple desire to see one another without the aid of a mirror. Commend them for their courage...Yet, is it not this courage that sets the human apart from the millions of other species that crowd this planet? On Thursday, Ladan and Laleh, joined in life, returned to their homeland in two coffins achieving their dream of separation only in death. This is not just a gripping story; this is a tribute to the spirit of freedom the one thing that has driven humankind to greater and greater heights...

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The war to end all wars

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Europe became two groups of countries one called the Triple Entante, which was Britain, Russia, and France they knew that they were in a good position. And they desperately wanted to weaken Germany and stop it becoming a very powerful country. The other country that was surrounded by the triple entante was Austria-Hungary and they felt, threatened by the Russians and the nationalism of the Balkans, So they made an alliance with Germany and was called the Triple alliance.On June the 8th 114. Gavrillo Princip who was part of a well-known terrorist group called the Black Hand, and he fired two shots at the car of Franz Ferdinand. The first killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the second killed his wife, Countess Sophia. After this event Austria-Hungary was very annoyed with Serbia and blamed them for the killing of the archduke. They accused the Serbian government of helping Princip.This annoyed Serbia because it was not actually their country. It was a small group Bosnian Serbs.Austria Hungary then declared war on Serbia because they knew that German allies would stand by them..On the th July the Russian army got ready to help Serbia defend itself against the Austrians. On the next day Germany had sent a threat to Russia ordering them not to help Serbia. Because Austria-Hungary didnt like Serbia this caused Germany to declare war on Russia. Germany also decided to send some of there army towards France and Belgium because they were a part of the triple entante along with Russia. On the rd and 4th of August Germany invaded France and was just starting to invade Belgium. But Britain ordered Germany to leave Belgium. Germany refused to leave Belgium so Britain declared war with Germany.

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On the 6th August Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia, because they helped Serbia when Austria-Hungary previously declared war on Serbia. Also Austria-Hungary had had previous conflicts with Russia about the Balkans.A military plan was meticulously produced by Germany by general count Alfred von Schlieffen before the start of the war. It was a lot weaker in practice than the Germans had expected because they were slowed down by fierce resistance in Belgium. The British succeeded against Germany at the Battle Of Mons and gradually pushed them back towards the east of Paris.Meanwhile the French were able to send the Russians money to develop their army faster. Which the Germans did not expect. The Germans had to send two divisions of the army to try to stop them on the Eastern front.There was a deadlock on the Western front by the end of September 114 because both sides dug trenches, which eventually stretched from the channel coast to the Swiss border. The war of movement was over.On the 11th of November 118 Germany had lost the war and was stopped from trying to invade Europe..It was nicknamed The Great War because it was the first war that had involved guns and tanks. People say that the war was an excuse for Germany to try out their new weapons and explosives. Millions of people lost their lives in the Great War and they wont be forgotten.We all have a moment of silence to remember the people that fought and died in the war, on the 11th of November every year.World war 1 was named the war to end all wars it's a shame it didn't. .

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Compare the two poems.

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Teresa Hocking 10A.History Essa. Which factors were most significant in the progress of medicine between 1400 and 1750.In this essay, I am going to look in depth at all the factors, which aided with the progress of medicine between 1400 and 1750. I am going to look at each factor in detail and evaluate what I think is significant about the factor. At the end of the essay, I will conclude which factor, I think played the most significant role in the progression of medicine between 1400 and 1750. The factors may not have had an immediate effect on the progression, however, I will evaluate on the significance of the factor depending on the effect it made, whenever the effect was realised and valued.

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The Medical Renaissance was a period of time, which was used as the rebirth of ideas and theories. The word renaissance means a rebirth or reinvention of an idea or something. Throughout the medical renaissance, many major breakthroughs in health were made.

The first factor, which I will investigate, is war. Although war is commonly recognised as something bad, which only has negative effects; it is underestimated how many major medical breakthroughs have been made through war and experiences at war. War is known as a thing, which decreases health levels, and anyone who went to war was thought to definitely be injured or even die. This was, in fact true, however war was also an ideal experience for a doctor to have as they could gain a lot of knowledge through treating the injuries. An example of this would be Ambroise Par . Ambroise Par was an army surgeon who was with the French Army when they were at war. It was believed that gunshot wounds were poisonous and that the only way that you could prevent the poison from infecting the whole leg would be to cauterise the wound. This involved applying boiling oil to the wound, thus killing the poison. Par followed this idea, until he was left in a situation, which meant that he could not. The oil ran out and Par was left to use his own methods. He mixed up an ointment, which he had learnt from one of the many books, which he had read. Par applied this ointment to the wounds of the constantly arriving soldiers. It worked and consequently, instead of screaming in pain, the soldiers whom he had treated were resting comfortably. Par went on to change the beliefs about the treatment of another common war injury; bleeding. The usual treatment for bleeding was to press a red-hot iron, called a cautery on the stump of the limb. This sealed the blood vessels, therefore stopping the patient bleeding. However, what it also sealed, were the bacteria inside the wound. This in turn caused an infection to occur in the patient, leaving him very ill or even dead. Par 's theory was that if you tied the arteries to stop them bleeding with silk threads, known as ligatures. This worked and proved a better method than the one which had been followed originally...

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