Online recruiting

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There are several methods used by employees to recruit job applicants. Human resource recruiters can use traditional methods such as job listing in a newspaper or hire an employment agency to search for job applicants. They may also choose to communicate with career office employees at universities and colleges to attract candidates, use networking methods at professional organizations, advertise in newspapers or on television, or use more recent recruiting sources such as the Internet to find potential future employees. Recruiting job seekers over the Internet is a recent trend that allows organizations to successfully hire qualified applicants to join their corporation's workforce at a low cost compared to some other recruiting procedures.

In recent times, many firms advertise job opportunities by placing a job posting on the Internet for external job hires. Some companies even use the Intranet to hire employees internal to the organization. The Intranet is used for internal recruiting purposes within a company and is a system that allows employees to view job openings at the company they are employed. Through both the Internet and Intranet, job applicants can view the available positions and submit candidates for interviews. Job recruiting over the Internet allows candidates and corporations a chance to connect. Online recruiting is a fast growing, popular service of the World Wide Web that many organizations are using for recruiting purposes. The employment industry has taken a big step towards recruiting in cyberspace. Applicants can be quickly located and recruited to join a team at a corporation. "Recruiting is the process of generating a pool of qualified applicants for organizational jobs" (Arthur 70).

Recruiting over the Internet is not a replacement for traditional methods like radio advertising, newspaper listings, networking or attending career fairs, but is becoming very popular in our society. It is a good resource when an applicant is in search of a career opportunity. Lately, many newspapers place their job ads online for job seekers to view. Electronic advertising is a method of recruiting that corporations should consider when searching for qualified applicants to fill an opening in an organization. Companies should use this tool to attract qualified people.

It is very important to recruit productive, trustworthy employees that will fit in the corporation's cultural environment and help the company achieve the established goals. Employees should follow the mission of the organization and work to help the business succeed. It is very costly to hire an employee that steals from the business or leaves the company after several training and recruiting dollars have been spent. Human resource managers want to obtain people that can grow with the company and are motivated employees. Electronic recruiting can be used to find employees with these skills. "The net has spawned a national marketplace for professional, managerial, and technical jobs" (Schreyer 5).

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In the book, Smart Strategies, the author suggests you consider five approaches if you want to recruit online. First, you should "create your own web page on which you describe your company and list your employment needs." Many organizations use this resource for applicants already interested in the company to view. It is also important to use an online headhunter for specialized or hard-to-find positions. Make sure the headhunter has a good reputation and is experienced in this field. Next, use search engines to locate applicants. The employer can simply type in a keyword such as accounting to narrow the search. Also, post your job listing on a Usenet newsgroup. Last, communicate with applicants through list servers. This means that you can specify your job openings and users are allowed to narrow their field of search. An applicant may search by state, company name, job title, or qualifications for the position. As you can see, subscribers receive a list on a specific topic of interest through electronic mailings. "The Internet opens a whole new world to the recruiting process. Online recruiting is definitely an employment tool of the future for companies of all sizes" (Outlaw 80).

Career sites allow individuals with various interests an opportunity to place their resumes online. About 45 percent of the 50,000 jobs on The Monster Board are for one sort of technician or another, about 0 percent of the listings involve product management and development, and roughly 5 percent are completely non-technical, such as marketing and retailing positions" (Schreyer ). Large employers and smaller organizations use the Internet to find a person to fill a vacancy at their company. "The latest statistic revealed 1 million resumes online in 16, according to Internet Business Network's 17 Electronic Recruiting Index" (Martel 1). More recent data probably indicates more resumes entered online, more jobs offered through this method, and an increase in organizations specializing in this area. This method of recruiting is becoming very popular for businesses to use.

There are several benefits to candidates who use computerized services to find a job position. Many college graduates and professionals take advantage of Electronic Search Firms. One popular online database system is Careermosaic where users can enter their resume for companies to review. Web sites such as Careermosaic offer advantages to the applicant by giving the candidate the ability to gather information on organizations and various job opportunities, send out mass quantities of resumes to be viewed by several employers, state geographic preferences, and enjoy cost savings method compared to other job hunting processes, may be able to look for internal jobs, and might find a site that allows them to look for a position by area of specialty or interest.

Applicants can read about current positions and jobs that have been listed for a while and find out the necessary qualifications for the career opportunity. The candidate may even have a chance to view the salary given for a particular position. This system is very easy to use to locate a job position. Also, it is fairly easy to research a company to find background information to enhance interview preparation, areas of expertise, and job postings over the Internet and apply for a position that interests you. Some websites even allow you to scan your resume instead of typing it in to apply for potential employment opportunities.

Many recruiters can view your resume by simply placing it on one of these popular sites. It would take a lot of time to send each employer your resume through another method. The candidate can choose a resume web site to submit their resume and wait for organizations to contact them when there is a possible fit for a job position.

The ideal geographic location as well as other preferences can be listed on the online resume. For example, a candidate in Oklahoma graduating from the University of Central Oklahoma may search for a job in California and find out the responsibilities for the job, qualifications needed for the position, and which facility is hiring. When the candidate is viewing employment opportunities he or she can look for jobs in a desired location.

Placing your resume online and searching company websites is free of charge as the candidate can benefit from cost savings over traditional methods of job searching. It can be very expensive to purchase high quality paper and envelopes as well as stamps to send a company your resume and cover letter. The electronic method also is less expensive compared to fax machines for long distance calls.

This automated hiring process speeds up the procedure for both the employee and employer. The submitted resumes can be processed very quickly. You don't have to wait as long as it would take a typical resume submitted by mail to get into the hands of a human resource recruiter. By placing your information on the Internet, you can save time compared to the time that would be spent on the more traditional methods of sending resumes and cover letters. For example, a computer company in Dallas could place an advertisement for a job on their website or through another service over the Internet. A candidate can view the opening and express his or her interest immediately instead of waiting a few days for a mailed resume to reach the employer.

For internal employees searching for a new job in their current place of employment they may have the option of using the Intranet for internal transfers within a company. According to Samuel Greengard, for HR groups today, the most action is on corporate Intranets, which allow secure Web-based communication within a company. Employees that work for an organization and wish to look for an opening in another department or a different position in the area they are currently working in can review the job postings internal to the company on the intranet if the firm has established this service..

There are Career Sites that are designed primarily for applicants with certain backgrounds. For example, an applicant interested in being a physician, nurse, pharmacist, or physician's assistant can search for a job on the Medical Economics Online site. Someone wanting a job in a field like Information Systems can locate a search company that specializes in this area. Candidates can sort through jobs by geographic area, by job type, by company name, or other desired preferences to specify an interest. A job applicant will enjoy the benefits of searching numerous positions that fit their credentials from home or work.

There are also several advantages to the employer that recruits employees online. The recruiter will realize they have a wide audience to reach over the Internet for available job openings and save time compared to other recruiting methods. They may also enjoy the benefit of saving money in this area, can get feedback to find out how many candidates have viewed the job opportunity, and bring attention to the organization. The human resource person also has the ability to sort through resumes submitted to their department, can find a person interested in a specific location to work, and enjoys the benefit of managing the large amounts of resumes received.

The Human Resource recruiter discovers the benefit of reaching a wide audience by having a good advertising distribution through electronic websites. This means that the ad for the job position reaches many applicants all over the world. It would take a lot of time to place advertisements on television, in many local papers, or on the radio in several locations to find a suitable individual for a job. Advertisements placed over the Internet tend to reach greater numbers of people. Reaching a wide volume of people is an important factor to many recruiters.

A recent term used by some corporations is Just in Time Recruiting, which brings the candidates to employers at the time that the company needs to hire someone (Outlaw 75). This is very helpful when a company needs a replacement for an employee that left the corporation suddenly or a departmental need is realized. The employer can receive many resumes within hours of a job opening rather than waiting weeks to get resumes in the mail or through fax machines. Applicants can be found in cyberspace within a short time period.

One of the most important advantages to the employer looking for possible hires online is the cost savings aspect of this recruiting method. Recruiting over the Internet costs much less than the typical methods of recruiting like advertising in a newspaper. This allows companies an opportunity to slash costs that are spent on recruiting. In comparison, a typical ad placed in a newspaper has a fee versus an average cost to place a listing on the Internet. "Web recruitment sites are free to the searcher, and the employer typically pays $,000 to $,500 a month to advertise as many as 100 job openings" (Schreyer 10). The cost to advertise on commercial sites will vary depending on what services the company offers and how long the posting is listed. "Those that do set fees typically charge$5 to $150 per job listing, with the duration of listings averaging four weeks" (Martel ). There are some companies that offer the benefit of unlimited postings but charge an annual rate.

In a book there is a good example given about a Human Resource employee's experience using this method of attracting applicants and the benefits of this procedure. It says, "West decided to pay $15 for a classified ad listing that ran for 60 days with an Internet recruiting service. She not only found the right person to fill the job but also saved her company money a weekend ad in her local paper would have cost three times as much" (Martel 1).

Companies can stand out by putting more detail in their listings and can even create their own website to discuss their products and services as well as other corporate characteristics. Corporations should not assume applicants know to go to their website to find a position for future employment but can use their website to advertise job postings. Companies need to bring the individuals looking for employment to their site to use these features. An organization may go through an Electronic Search Firm to attract people to their business.

The organization can match an applicant with the desired qualifications to the position. They can simply type in keywords to identify applicants with the necessary skills. "Adding a section composed entirely of keywords is useful because employees often search resumes for specific skills on a keyword basis" (Wendover 1). This can be very beneficial to both the recruiter and the candidates that match the description of the job. The applicants could have a technical background since they are using a computer source to find a job. Employers have realized applicants in many fields use this service. The resumes are collected and entered into a database that allows employers to search through, store, and sort for keywords or by job type. Recruiters can use sites to search through resumes such as The Monster Board, which is an established service that several job seekers use to find employment.

If a company chooses to interview international applicants from other countries, the recruiting online method works because it reaches people all over the world. Recruiters can look through resumes to find candidates interested in working in a specific city in a country or even overseas.

Online recruiting gives employers the benefit of managing the mass quantities of resumes received. It can be very overwhelming for a human resource representative at a large company to place applicants in various areas and have to read many resumes received for a particular position that may not fit the qualifications the company is looking for in a job candidate. Global Computer News, "GCN says the office now takes between 8000 and 10,000 applications over a four-day period without being overwhelmed" (Arthur 4).

Although, there are many benefits to recruiting online, there are also some things you should consider when applying for an opportunity at an organization through this method. You should consider the fact that you are only a name or number in a database and do not have personal contact with a recruiter at a company. It is important to differentiate yourself from other candidates. "Industry experts indicate that job candidates must still differentiate themselves even if a resume is delivered by fax or E-mail" (Outlaw ). Some applicants chose to follow up with a phone call to introduce themselves to a representative of the corporation they are trying to work for.

Also, remember your current employer may have access to the Internet if you wish to keep your job searching to yourself. There can be a risk to submitting your resume over the net. "On those databases, resumes can be just as easily accessed by a present employer as any other. Sending highly personal resume information electronically involves security risks" (Martel 4).

It is not always the applicants with great qualifications that search the web either. Human resource employees at some corporations may not use the Internet to recruit employees so applicants may not be able to use this source in all situations. Not everyone has technological skills. A disadvantage for the job candidate that wants to apply for employment opportunities online is that they don't always know where to go to submit their resume. Another thing to consider when putting your credentials online is that the user of a career site should make sure they have the option to make edits to the resume they submit online.

Although there are some things to consider when using online recruiting methods for hiring or job searching purposes, many individuals and corporations enjoy the advantages of electronic recruiting to find employment opportunities or to place an individual in a job opening. Online recruiting is a way to recruit job candidates and has been growing in popularity in our society and probably will continue to be used by many organizations to find qualified applicants for job openings. It has been a successful procedure for human resource recruiters all over...

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Monopoly

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The Worlds Best Selling Board Game For Educational Purpose.

Monopoly has been the worlds best selling board game, since the 10s. Over two-hundred million copies of the game have been sold world wide, and its popularity continues to grow. Still, with all its glory, can Monopoly measure up to its reputation on educational standards? Monopoly was the ingenious idea for a game, by a man named Charles B. Darrow. Darrow lived in Germantown, Pennsylvania during the 10s. Darrow based the design of the game from memories of his earlier years spent in Atlantic City. Darrow introduced his creation to his close friends, and it rapidly became the preferred group activity. Monopoly consist of players, whom which go around the board buying property and collecting rent, all the while spending large sums of money. Its no wonder why these people of such poor economic times, loved to play Monopoly. In 15 the first Monopoly game sets were distributed nation wide by Parker Brothers. The royalties that came from Monopoly made Darrow a millionaire. Monopoly has been a large part of pop culture throughout the years and continues to be so till this very day.

Monopoly is a game in which two to eight players all try to become the wealthiest player through buying, renting and selling property, all the while trying to force their opponents into bankruptcy. Each player chooses a token to represent them while traveling on the board. The Bank is responsible for selling and auctioning property. As well as collecting taxes and fines. It also pays salaries, bonuses and can grant loans The Bank holds not only money, but Title Deed cards, and houses and hotels for the player to use regarding their property. A player is then selected to act as the Banker. The Banker also serves as the Auctioneer as well. The Banker must keep his/her personal game funds separate from the Bank..

Players will place their tokens on the corner marked GO, and will begin the game from their, heading in the indicated direction. Every time a player passes GO, they collect a two hundred dollar salary from the Bank. Two dice are thrown to determine the number of spaces each player will be allowed to move during their designated turn. According to the space a player lands on, determines whether they are permitted to buy property, or be forced to pay rent or taxes, or any other such obligations to the game. When players land on the spaces CHANCE and COMMUNITY CHEST, they are to select the top card from the indicated deck and follow the instructions given. When finished with their turn, the player is to return the card to the bottom of the same designated deck..

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Whenever a player lands onto un-owned property, they may choose to buy that property from the Bank. On the contrary, a player may choose not to buy the property; in such a case the Banker sells the property at an auction to the highest bidder. Bidding may begin at any price. Now, when a player lands onto owned property, they must pay rent to the owner. The amount of rent owed varies according to the location of property, and its improvements (the addition of houses/hotels). If a player lands on the space marked INCOME TAX, they have two options. First, they can choose to pay the Bank two hundred dollars and secondly, they can choose to pay ten-percent of their total value to the Bank. Players who land on this space must choose to pay the Bank the two hundred dollars or ten-percent of their total property value, before calculating which is the least amount of money.

A player landing in JAIL loses his/her turn. There are three ways for a player to land in JAIL. A player may land on the space indicated GO TO JAIL, draw a card marked GO TO JAIL or if a player throws doubles three times in a row. When in jail a player can not move their token until they are out of JAIL. A player can only get out of JAIL by throwing doubles in one of their next three turns; using the GET OUT OF JAIL FREE card, if they have it or purchase it from another player; or by paying a fee of fifty dollars on either of their next two turns. If by a players third turn they have not rolled doubles, they must pay a fee of fifty dollars to the Bank. A player can continue to buy or sell property and collect rent when in JAIL. When a player lands on the space, FREE PARKING, the player does not receive any reward, nor any penalty..

Houses and hotels may be purchased when a player owns all properties in a selected color area. Houses and hotels add value to property, causing the rent charged to other players to increase. Only one hotel may be added to each individual property. Players may privately sell, buy and trade property, for any agreed price between the players. When a player declares BANKRUPCY, they owe more money than they can pay to either another player or the Bank. If their debt is owed to another player, all of the debtors values are turn over to the player in which he/she owes money to. The same goes in the case of the debtor owing money to the Bank. When a player declares BANKURPCY, they are freely withdrawing their position in the game..

Parker Brothers recommends the game can be played by those of eight years old and higher. Monopolys educational purposes vary according to the age of each player. Children, ages eight to twelve, can develop a good sense of dealing with money. In dealing with money they enhance their abilities of addition, and subtraction, through the functions of collecting and pay fees of properties. They can also enhance skills in multiplication and division, in the case of determining the amount of money they must pay from their total value when landing on the INCOME TAX space. These basic mathematical skills can be practiced in a fun way for children of this age level. Still for the most part, the rules of Monopoly are rather complex, and children of the age group (most of all the younger portions) are more likely to not understand the game in its completion..

Teens, ages twelve to fifteen can brush up on their basic math, but by this age group they are more concentrated on winning. Monopoly can serve as a tool in helping them learn to strategize. Players look for different ways to gain as much property as possible, in order to have more control over the game. They begin to think of the different ways to raise their rent on other players. They look to spend less and keep more money. At this age level, the complexity of the rules is less likely to be an interference with the understanding of the game, although it is possible. This is most probably the best age group to begin playing Monopoly, as it is intended to be played..

Young adults (beginning with age fifteen) to adults can and do learn from playing Monopoly. In playing Monopoly they can gain a better understanding of business and relations. They use their abilities in mathematics and strategy to not only try to obtain property and increase their overall value.They also look for compromise with other players. For example a player needs ownership of only one other property to have complete control of a certain color area, but another player owns that property, the player seeking the property will now look to establish a trade with the other player. Compromises and deals will be made, further developing business and communication skills. Players can even learn a better understanding of corrupt business, and why it is used so much in this day and age. They may manipulate and black mail other players to reach their goals, of winning.

Over all, the best ages to play Monopoly are those, ages twelve and up. Only at this level can the rules be understood, and more than basic learning, occur. This goes against the age given by Parker Brothers, but take this into consideration Most young adults and adults do not look to buy games as do younger children. With that said, it is not hard to believe that Parker Brothers and any other such manufacturer will market products to the age level most seeking the product, and not, in fact, the age level in which the product is most appropriate for..

The best age to play Monopoly begins with age twelve. The Piaget Cognitive Theory that age level falls into would be the Formal Operations stage. This is the stage in which abstract think begins. Not only can they strategize their own goal, but they are now aware that the other players too are fabricating their own strategies. Now they have the ability to try and presume what the other players strategies are and work around them, to reach their own goal. This is a clear expression of the new ability to think abstractly. Their thought process is developed enough to fully understand the rules and base their strategy by the regulations implied. They are also aware that other players may try anything to win, so players at this level think twice or maybe even three times, about the motives of others. Monopoly truly is a thought game. Players must do a great deal of thinking in order to be able to beat their competitors. In playing Monopoly one can help develop and perfect their thought process. Proving that Monopoly is not only the best in games, but it is one of the best in educational tools..

Please note that this sample paper on Monopoly is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Monopoly, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Monopoly will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in Jamaica as evidenced by levels of crime in Jamaica.

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Topic Lack of Certainty and Celerity in the Criminal Justice System accounts for the high level of crimes committed.Dependent VariableCrime Leve.Independent VariableCriminal Justice Syste.Operationalizatio.

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Celerity.Celerity for this study refers to the swiftness with which criminal sanctions are applied after the commission of a crime.Certainty.Certainty refers to the probability of apprehension and punishment for a crime.Crime Levels.Crime levels in this study refer to the statistics on the levels of reported crime in the country as reported by agencies such as STATIN.Criminal Justice Syste.Criminal Justice System in this study refers to.Elaboration of central thesis.The idea is that the levels of crime are high not only as a result of economic stress and other such factors but also as a result of lack of certainty and celerity in the Criminal Justice System.This fosters opinions and impressions of the manipulation of the Criminal Justice System. These beliefs decrease the threat of punishment for illegal activity produced by the Criminal Justice System. If punishment is not swift and dependable then it looses power as a threat against illegal activities.Beccaria theorized that a minimum amount of punishment was needed if criminals were convinced that their violations were certain to be discovered and swiftly punished. This was similar to the Rational Choice Theory.It can be argued though that criminals are victims of such factors as racism, poverty, alienation, strain and their crime is an expression of their frustration. Their anger is a creation of social inequality.The Criminal Justice System serves to control the "have not's". It serves to secure the power of the affluent and judges those before it by two standards of justice. Within it the rich have private attorneys while the poor get public defenders.This process includes most lawyers. The best lawyers, from the best schools, with the best experience are quickly absorbed into prestigious law firms practicing civil, and more particularly, corporate law. Those attorneys who find their way to the bar in the criminal courts are usually from less prestigious law schools, have less training, and come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (Ladinsky, 184). Greg Barak (180) goes so far as to argue that corporate law as an institutionalized specialty acted to erode the quality of criminal defense attorneys, insuring that criminal lawyers are primarily those of poorer quality, experience, and training. Whether intended or not the outcome is the same..Those high-quality attorneys who choose to practice criminal law find themselves with heavy caseloads that make impossible quality case preparation for all but the elite of the profession. They find themselves burdened with many cases. Burnout among criminal lawyers is the rule, and it occurs early in their careers. Another route for practicing criminal law is to join the district attorneys office as a prosecutor..Those attorneys who come out of law school and join public defenders offices are, for the most part, putting in their time and getting experience in order to move on to a law firm and eventually enter the more lucrative practice of civil and corporate law. Their priorities are clearly to avoid offending people in the system and to get through the public defender experience without incurring any black marks against their future acceptance into the upper strata of the practice of law (Platt and Pollack, 175). In addition, public defenders are employees of the court. Their professional lives depend on good working relations with prosecutors and judges. Rocking the boat will not enhance a public defenders professional life. Agreeing to a quick plea bargain that clears the court calendar and gives the prosecutor a win, on the other hand, will (Blumberg, 175; Casper, 17; Skolnick, 166). Court-assigned private attorneys are no more strongly motivated to represent their clients interests. They are paid a set fee considerably lower than the fee they would be getting from their private clients for the same time and effort. Bringing a case to a rapid conclusion, preferably through a bargained guilty plea, is very much in their economic interest. As such while a poor person may steal a night drop deposit bag and get sent to a maximum security prison the rich person who steals ten million through some type of fraud, putting many people out of jobs and much needed income is sentenced to if at all sentenced a minimum security prison, or a "country club institution".The indications show that the system is not working well. It fails to adequately protect society from crime. It fails to reduce crime or deter criminals. It fails to treat all of the accused with equal justice. It is discriminatory, unevenly applied, and is not even handed.Description of problem.The Criminal Justice System does not take into account the economic system and this is understandable. People feel forced to find other sources of income and survival. However, it is a shared opinion the lady justice is not blind. There is a bias against some crimes while others which may be more far reaching but less violent are given a slap on the wrist.Assault charges for example are for the most quickly and harshly punished as inappropriate behavior. However, other crimes like white-collar crime are seen as being dealt dealt with differently. The reaction is more "Hush-Hush". Trials at times take longer to reach court. Trials are deliberated, and re-deliberated, and often punishment looks to the average person as a slap on the wrist. There is also the fact that increased reporting and publicizing of violent crime while other crimes may be dealt with privately, totally avoiding publicity, trial, and conviction.People do not think justice is fair and swift and thus are not constrained by it. What is the relationship between law and society? The law announces the values of society. It tells us where the boundaries of acceptable behavior lie and links those who violate the boundaries--criminals--with incarceration. Why are some behaviors illegal and not others? Are laws based on a cultures morality? Is every behavior considered deviant defined as illegal? As Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda (1478) state, Definitions of right and wrong do not drop from the skies, nor do they simply ineluctably percolate up from societys mainstream opinion; they are the result of disagreement, negotiation, conflict, and struggle..Society is composed of individuals struggling to defend their interests in interaction with others doing the same thing. According to George Vold (15808---), The whole political process of law making, law breaking, and law enforcement becomes a direct reflection of . . . fundamental conflicts between interest groups and their . . . struggles for the control of the police power of the state. The winners decide who is in violation of the law--that is, who is criminal. In Volds description, the contact of groups is an endlessly changing kaleidoscope of force-ratios. Laws are the peace treaties intended to safeguard the prominence of the victors.In addition, the amount of social diversity between offender and victim affects how the law is applied. Donald Black (185) uses homicide to illustrate The amount of variation in the handling of homicide cases is spectacular, ranging from those that legal officials decide not even to investigate (as frequently occur when prisoners or skid-row vagrants kill each other) to those resulting in capital punishment (as may happen when a poor robber kills a prosperous stranger). Impartial application of the laws is thus a myth in the case of homicide. As Michael Kramer (14) notes, Despite the many supposed safeguards, what matters most is who you are, who you kill, and who your lawyer is..The most frequent manifestation of criminal justice is repression. Our criminal justice system includes an aspect that is oppressive. Criminal justice is, literally, state power. It is police, guns, and prisons, hanging. Once the myth that repressive laws will deter undesirable behavior takes hold, it is not easily abandoned. The poor, underemployed and unemployed and undereducated who make up the majority of criminal justice system clients find themselves in a legal system populated by people very unlike themselves, with little understanding of their backgrounds, their lives, or their needs. This is an obvious disadvantage, but it pales in the face of the disadvantageous position of the poor in the rest of the trial process..This brings us to one additional definition of justice justification. The reality of the legal system is not innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt before a jury of peers. The reality is that who you are, where you live, whom you know, and the assets you have to defend yourself determine what kind of justice you will receive. Those most like us are presumed innocent--and often, for that reason, are never charged and never enter the process. Even the concept of applying the law equally is inherently inequitable, but we cling to the cherished notion of equality to justify the established system. The gap between standards and reality--the law in theory and the law in action--is much more than a philosophical discussion for those who must experience it..Thesis Statemen.Lack of Celerity and Certainty are part of the reason that the Criminal Justice System in Jamaica is not effective in reducing levels of crime in the society.Rational.All societies are held together by shared norms and beliefs which guide the actions of most or a citizens. In a society where this is not the case there will be problems within that society as the citizens are set into conflict with each other. For a society to maintain peace and harmony it must share within itself a common outlook on what is accepted and what is not accepted in terms of behavior and other factors.A society's Criminal Justice System is the method by which these norms and values are shared with everyone as well as enforced upon those in society. However if the citizens of the society see that the Criminal Justice System is a biased one and that the results and process within the Criminal Justice System depend on who the Criminal Justice System is looking at it looses its power to act as a cohesive factor within society.In countries like Jamaica there is a perceived difference in treatment that the Criminal Justice System metes out to people from different social classes, groups, and etcetera. These differences in the action of the Criminal Justice System depending on those it is being applied to at the moment weaken its ability to act as a cohesive agent in the society. The fact also that justice is not blind affects the Criminal Justice Systems ability to do the job it was set up to do. The Criminal Justice System is also faced with the fact that as well as being biased in the levels of Celerity it provides it is also biased in the level of Certainty faced by potential and actual perpetrators within the system.In Jamaica there have been little evaluations of existing policing, sentencing, and correctional policies. Judges have considerable discretionary powers. Rehabilitation programs have never been properly evaluated.The Jamaican Criminal Justice System has been deeply influenced by Rational Choice Theory. It believes that as rational, free willed subjects, individuals freely choose to commit crimes and commit to criminal careers.Research problem as investigated by other.Public images created by movies, television, novels, newspaper stories, and radio reports play up the nature of the Criminal Justice System. What is the relationship between law and society? The law, as the basis of the Criminal Justice System, serves as a banner to announce the values of society. It tells us where the boundaries of acceptable behavior lie and links those who violate the boundaries--criminals--with evil, pain, incarceration, and disgrace. Why are some behaviors illegal and not others? Are laws based on a cultures morality? Is every behavior considered deviant defined as illegal? As Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda (1478) state, Definitions of right and wrong do not drop from the skies, nor do they simply ineluctably percolate up from societys mainstream opinion; they are the result of disagreement, negotiation, conflict, and struggle. The passage of laws raises the issue of who will criminalize whom. By what process do crimes get defined, the criminal law created, and violators punished?.Goode and Ben-Yehuda (14) point out that all groups in a society do not have equal access to the legal process. Some have more influence with the media, some with legislators, and some with the educational system. Views of right and wrong do not triumph by becoming widely accepted in a society simply because they are objectively true or because they best preserve the social order or generate the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people (Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1478---7). In its most altruistic form, law is a consensus about how to safeguard everyones interests--as understood by particular people at a particular time. The framers of the Constitution may have been engaged in unselfish efforts to construct an impartial rule of law, but women were not given the right to vote, and slavery was not illegal--constraints of the worldviews at that time..Arrest, that point at which one is taken into official custody and charged with the commission of a crime, is in the truest sense the gateway to the criminal justice system. In a system guaranteeing equal protection under the law and equal justice to its citizens, an arrest should occur only after police and investigators have carefully gathered and sifted through the evidence of a crime. If probable cause exists, the suspect is taken into custody. The criteria for determining probable cause should be the same for everyone. This is the majesty of a criminal justice system that guarantees equal protection. It is also a myth..The vast majority of people arrested and processed through the criminal justice system are poor, unemployed or underemployed, and undereducated. Indeed, % of the individuals in our prisons were not employed prior to their arrests, 45% were not employed in full-time jobs, 47% had not graduated from high school, and 50% made less than $10,000 a year in income (Reiman, 18 14-15)..Does the overrepresentation of the poor, undereducated and unemployed in arrest statistics represent a failure of equal justice or does it represent higher rates of criminality among those groups? Defenders of the justice system claim that the disadvantaged in society simply commit more crime and more serious crimes than others. If this is true then perhaps the bias of arrest noted above reflects actual criminality not a failure of the system to guarantee equality. Fortunately, we have means available to test this argument. For many years, social scientists have made use of self-report surveys, particularly among juvenile populations. These surveys list criminal acts and ask the respondents to indicate which of those acts they may have committed, and often the frequency with which they have committed them, while guaranteeing the respondents anonymity. Self-report surveys also gather demographic data to allow us to compare reported criminality among various groups in society..Race also impacts on the decision to arrest. A study of police discretion in six southern cities in the United States of America (Powell, 10) found a significant disparity in how police officers implement their discretionary decision-making to arrest to not arrest, with offender race strongly influencing the decision-making process. Police demonstrated a clear tendency to take more punitive actions against black offenders than white offenders, especially in the three most urban of the research sites. These findings were confirmed by recent research on case processing in Nebraska (Johnson, Secret, 10). In that study, race was found to the major extralegal variable related to decisions related to detention, to referral to court, and to sentencing. The only aspect of the justice system, which seemed not to discriminate against blacks, was in adjudication where whites were more likely than blacks to be convicted. However, upon review the researchers determined that this inconsistency was attributable not to race-blind justice but to the fact that blacks are more likely to be charged and processed based on weaker evidence. There are many possible explanations for this bias in arrest (Reiman, 18; Chambliss, 184 1-0).It can be argued that poor, because of their living conditions, housing, and lifestyles are not afforded the same level of privacy as the privileged. What the rich do in their dens, bedrooms, and fenced yards, the poor do in public, making arrests for drugs, drinking violations, gambling, and sexual activity more likely..A middle-class or upper class family can provide the arresting officer or prosecutor with an alternative to arrest. The son or daughter of a well-to-do family can always get counseling, drug treatment, therapy, and other forms of professional help that might correct his or her aberrant behavior. The poor cannot make such overtures. The money needed to get a juvenile into drug treatment is simply not available to any but the well off in society..It can be argued that police officers are trained in such a way that they are more likely to identify a poor youth, particularly a member of a depressed community, as a potential criminal. This police stereotyping may direct attention to the disadvantaged and away from the advantaged. It can also be argued that the police operate in a bureaucratic system, and like all bureaucracies policing seeks to avoid difficult problems and handles those cases, which are less troublesome. A middle-class or upper class offender is more likely to take the case to trial, more likely to exercise political influence, more likely to afford a private attorney. The poor can offer no such resistance to the charges and therefore arrests of the poor and disadvantaged are simply easier on the police bureaucracy. All of these explanations for the police propensity toward arresting the poor and disadvantaged no doubt have some explanatory power. But none of them change the basic fact that middle-class and upper-class offenders, participating in the same activities and engaging in a similar rate of criminality, are less likely to find their way into the criminal justice system..The poor, underemployed and unemployed and undereducated who make up the majority of criminal justice system clients find themselves in a legal system populated by people very unlike themselves, with little understanding of their backgrounds, their lives, or their needs. This is an obvious disadvantage, but it pales in the face of the disadvantageous position of the poor in the rest of the trial process. Once a defendant has been adjudicated as guilty it falls on the court to hand down a sentence appropriate to the crime and its circumstances. The doctrine of equality, fairness, and equal protection under the law dictates that this decision not be affected by extraneous factors, such as race, gender, or socioeconomic status. The reality is that such factors play a critical role in the sentencing decision..The empirical research done by criminal justice scholars has demonstrated with remarkable regularity that minority group members (particularly African-Americans) and the poor get longer sentences, have less chance of gaining parole or probation, even when the seriousness of the crime and the criminal record of the defendants are held constant (Bridges and Crutchfield, 188; Myers, 187; Walsh, 187; Zatz, 187). Without belaboring the point by discussing the dozens of studies, which have demonstrated such bias in sentencing, a few illustrative examples will suffice in making the point..From the time of arrest, through pretrial detention, through the criminal trial and into prison, the key factor which determines the severity and harshness with which the criminal justice system treats its clients is money. Those who can commit sophisticated crimes, pay high-priced attorneys, and afford private treatment and counseling will find justice with a merciful and caring face. Those who cannot will find long sentences and prison to be their punishment for being poor...

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Money gives everything

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Money or cash have always been a popular word among us all. Many can'.live and survive without it. That's why I agree with the fact that wit.money people can do just about anything. In today's world especially.nothing is free. Everything requires money, money and more money

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Lets take a look at the first point; our daily lives. What we do everyda.from morning until nightfall, do you notice that we spend money? Whether i.is ours, our parents or might be our friends, money usage is impossible t.prevent. When we eat we need money to buy food of course, and when we tak.a bath we need money for the toiletries and virtually everything in ou.daily life today need money. Without it, imagine taking your bath withou.using soap or brushing your teeth without toothpaste.

In the education sector, money is also important. To get educated, mone.is also needed. For example, when you first set your foot to school, you.parents pay money for your registration, daily spending and many more. Th.amount becomes larger when you continue your studies in colleges o.universities. It may take thousands of ringgit only for your studies, no.to mention about the additional daily spending required. When it comes t.text book, money also needed to buy them. Although our government provide.scholarship for students for their studies need, many agree that it's no.enough. Surely there are loan providers, but we need to pay it back o.course.

If you happen to be a lucky person who own lots of money, you can d.anything you like. Feeling bored? Just order a plane ticket and trave.overseas. You can own a super size house with all the things you wan.inside. Things for you become easier when owning a lot of money. The mor.bigly the city we live in, the more money we need. Foods and other thing.are much more expensive in these places. The cost to pay rents, fees an.such things are high. Again, if money is a no problem to you, you'll b.much more relaxed.

Considering all the things above, it is true that money can give anythin.to us. Although there are something we can't buy with money, but mone.leads to all those things such as freedom and such. So, work harder an.start collecting money now!..

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The Syringa Tree

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Pamela Gien's The Syringa Tree directed by Larry Moss is an astonishing one-woman show starring Kate Bloomberg. It is a story about growing up in South Africa during the early days of Apartheid. The background of the set reminded me of a shadow of a very large tree. The set is a plain stage with the exception of a swing. The swing appears to be attached to the syringa tree. Although the set was plain it did not take away from the interesting storyline.

The play opens with Elizabeth a six-year-old white South African girl swinging on the swing. The story is basically narrated through Elizabeth's eyes. Elizabeth is an innocent child who knows nothing about the problems with apartheid. She is full of energy and life throughout the play. Especially when she plays with her nanny Salomina, a black South African woman she shows her nothing but love. Elizabeth and Salomina have a wonderful loving relationship. Actually Salomina is part of the family to everyone in the house..

Bloomberg's performance is superb. She transforms into many characters. She changes her voices and dialect throughout the play. She shifts her posture, as she becomes each character. At the beginning of the play I was a bit confused because I could not figure out whom each character was. As the play went on I was able to identify each character.

Bloomberg made a point of moving around the stage swiftly. Her movement and voice helped me get a clear picture of what character was speaking. There were not many monologues in the play. There was mostly dialogue between the many characters she played. Although she switches from character to character rather quickly the dialogue makes it easier to understand what character is speaking.

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Bloomberg's wardrobe stood out to me. She wore an overall type of dress that was free flowing. What stood out to me was not what she wore, but what she did not wear. She was bare-footed. I believe she did not wear footwear because being free of footwear would enable her to move around the stage freely. Another reason shoes may not have been worn was to keep the noise level down from the shoes hitting the floor.

The title of the play The Syringa Tree has great significance to the storyline. Salomina had told Elizabeth that when people hide, they climb high into the syringa tree where they could not be seen. The people Salomina speaks of are black people who do not have papers. They have to hide from the police who would take them away if they were found.

As an audience member it appears to be very difficult to accomplish acting out several characters at once. I tip my hat to Ms. Bloomberg for her magnificent performance in The Syringa Tree.I really enjoyed her performance. I have encouraged some of my friends to see the play so they could view her acting style.

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International business structure and environment

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The IKEA structur.IKEA was founded by Ingvar Kamprad in 14. Since then, IKEA has expanded to include a number of home furnishings stores around the world.Inter IKEA Systems B.V. is the owner and franchisor of the IKEA concept. Irrespective of their ownership all IKEA retailers worldwide operate on a franchise basis.IKEA of Sweden AB is responsible for the entire IKEA product range, thereto commissioned by Inter IKEA Systems B.V.. All products in the IKEA range are distinguished by the label Design and Quality, IKEA of Sweden. The from Inter IKEA Systems B.V. independent IKEA Group includes not only most IKEA retailers, but also the product development centre IKEA

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iKEA and the environmen.IKEA has always tried to do more with less. This goes hand in hand with our environmental work - to use resources in an economical and careful way.Three cornerstones in IKEAs environmental wor.? Our cost consciousness and resourc.efficiency result in less usage of raw material and less waste and discharges. ? The extensive use of wood in our products. Wood is a Recyclable, biodegradable and renewable material and it is excellent from an environmental point of view.? Training and engaging our co-workers to work wit.environmental issues..Resource efficienc.One of the reasons why IKEAs prices are so competitiv.is that we always try to minimize costs. To keep costs lo.you have to be economical. We save on raw material.energy and other resources. As a consequence, we ofte.also reduce waste and discharges.At IKEA we develop the products ourselves, often in clos.co-operation with the supplier. This gives us th.opportunity to take all aspects of a products life int.consideration. From choice of raw material throug.production and distribution to end of use. Bein.economical when selecting raw material must be secon.nature for a product developer at IKEA. When possible.leftover material from one product is used in the makin.of another product..Forestr.A large proportion of the raw material IKEA uses in th.products is wood or wooden fiber. Wood is renewable.recyclable and biodegradable. It is a good material fro.an environmental point of view, provided that i.originates from well-managed forests..IKEA demands that the wood in our solid wood product.does not originate from intact natural forests, unless the.are certified. Our long-term goal is to source all wood i.the IKEA range from verified well-managed forests, tha.is, forests that have been certified according to a fores.management standard recognized by IKEA..Training and engaging our co-worker.Committed co-workers are crucial to get a driving force i.the environmental work. Throughout the IKEA Group.there are environmental co-ordinators working i.different ways to increase environmental awareness b.training and informing their colleagues on a continuou.basis..More informatio.Do you want to know more about how IKEA works with th.environment.In the brochure Environmental and social issues you ca.read abou.? Environmental and social responsibilit.? Environmental adaptation of products and material.? Forestr.? Suppliers - environmental work, social and workin.condition.? Distribution - transport and warehousin.? The environmental work at our store.Presidents messag.Can you do business while being a good business.The role of business is changing. To provide jobs, creat.profits and pay taxes is no longer enough. Both ou.customers and co-workers expect more from us. The.expect us also to take an active role in influencing socia.and environmental issues wherever we are present. A.often asked question is - is it possible to make traditiona.business objectives and social and environmenta.responsibility work together for the benefit of al.stakeholders? Or is there a conflict between the two?.We believe they can work very well together. Done in .sensible way, social and environmental work is good fo.business. It is good for business because our customer.will feel reassured that they are doing business with .company that shares their views and values. And it i.good for business because it can also support cos.efficiency. Using resources and raw material efficiently.saving energy, improving working conditions at ou.suppliers and through that getting more motivate.people, will have a positive effect on costs and therefor.support our business objectives..Being successful with social and environmental work i.not an easy thing. It takes a dedicated organization. I.takes clear goals, strategies, time plans an.responsibilities. And above all, it takes a vision to create .better everyday life for the many people. We have .business idea based on low prices and cost-efficiency.And we have values that support a humble, cos.conscious and humanistic way of behaving. All this is .real strength in our work with social and environmenta.responsibility..We realize that we are only in the beginning, and w.have a long way to go before our work is a natura.integrated part of our day to day business..Anders Dahlvi.President of the IKEA Grou.SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILIT.Play for life.Help children in Angola and Uganda.Support UNICEF in helping affected children to recove.from armed conflicts in Angola and Uganda. For ever.IKEA PS BRUM soft toy you buy, UNICEF receives $.Our goal is to raise a total of $400,000.00 through th.sales of IKEA PS BRUM world-wide..In Angola, the IKEA contribution will get to some 80,00.children through a non-formal education effort with mai.focus on learning by playing.In northern Uganda, civil conflicts have torn the peopl.for almost two decades. The IKEA funds will suppor.play-based programs for at-risk teenagers to strengthe.the awareness about the threat of HIV/AIDS.Every child has the right to playtime in a saf.environment. This has been stated in the mos.internationally adopted treaty in the history - the 1.Convention on the Rights of the Child. The right to pla.may seem as a natural thing, but millions of children ar.deprived of this vital element due to conflicts, disease.and exploitation..IKEA has supported UNICEF programmes around th.world for more than 10 years, including recen.contributions to support immunisation and chil.protection programmes in Northern India.The IKEA Group is concentrating its corporat.contributions on a few selected causes. These ar.primarily environmental projects, projects aimed a.the prevention of child labour and initiatives t.support children and their opportunities for learnin.and development.We have established relationships with a small numbe.of recognized international and national organizations.The projects that IKEA contributes to are linked to ou.business and are therefore as close as possible to ou.suppliers.Childrens right.Child labor is an unacceptable part of todays reality.This situation exists in some of the countries where IKE.purchases. It is a complex problem that can be solve.only by addressing the root causes of child labor.together with the broad engagement of different partie.in society..We want our activities to be in the best interests of th.child. The ambition is to make sure that no child labor i.involved in the manufacturing of IKEA products. Thi.includes all our suppliers worldwide, as well as thei.sub-contractors. Providing quality education is one wa.of preventing child labor.he IKEA Group supports the following project.In Indi.· In collaboration with UNICEF, United Nations Children.Fund, IKEA has initiated community developmen.projects in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Th.objective is to prevent child labor. The projects cover.more than 500 villages with a population o.approximately 1. million people. Alternative Learnin.Centres for children are set up to help them join th.formal school system. Approximately 54,000 childre.benefit directly from the project. In addition, UNICEF i.working via local NGOs and in co-operation with loca.authorities to support women in their efforts to establis.self-help groups. These measures help women to gai.access to micro credit schemes and find alternativ.income-generating opportunities.· IKEA has supported CREDA, a local non-governmenta.organization in India. The two-year project started i.September 000 and covered a geographic area of .villages. Focus was on providing educationa.opportunities for young girls. In addition, 500 adul.women were given basic literacy education. The projec.was implemented by UNDP, United Nations Developmen.Programme..· Together with WHO, World Health Organization an.UNICEF, IKEA has initiated a vaccination project in Indi.starting in April 00. The objective is to provid.immunization to infants between 0-1 years of age agains.the six most common childhood diseases. All pregnan.women will also be vaccinated with the tetanus toxoid. .total of 0,000 women and children will be immunized.The project covers ,000 villages in India, some wher.IKEA already has an ongoing UNICEF project.In Kosov.· Since 000, IKEA is supporting the International Sav.the Children Alliance to re-establish schooling for th.children in the Western part of Kosovo after the war i.1. The main aim is to re-build 4 schools, reconstruc.and repair classrooms, provide support to schools wit.pre-school classes and teacher training. This helps t.restore normality in the lives of thousands of children.· IKEA is supporting UNICEF for the repair of eight pilo.schools in Kosovo benefiting some 8,000 pupils. Th.project, which started in 000, also includes ne.equipment, teaching materials and the improvement o.water supplies and sanitary conditions. An important par.of the project is a special teacher training, building o.interactive teaching with the focus being on childre.and their enthusiasm. The teachers will then train othe.colleagues to introduce the methods in 5 additiona.schools around the province.Forestry project.A substantial part of the raw material for IKEAs product.is wood or wood fibers. This is why we want the forest.from where we take our raw material, to be managed in .responsible way. The long-term goal is to source all woo.in the IKEA products from verified well-managed forests.For more information on how we work with the forestr.issue, see IKEA and the environment.The IKEA Group contributes to the following fores.project.· Since 1, IKEA co-operates with Global Fores.Watch, an initiative of WRI, World Resources Institute.The project objective is to map the worlds remainin.intact natural forests. Knowledge about the locations o.intact natural forests, relative to logging operations, i.essential to be able to save these forests..· Since 001, IKEA is funding a scholarship for student.from Russia, Poland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania t.study forestry in Sweden, at the Swedish University o.Agricultural Science for one year. Approximately .students annually, for a five-year period will receive th.scholarship.· The foundation Sow a Seed, started by IKEA in 18.aims to rehabilitate 14,000 hectares of degraded rai.forest in the Malaysian State of Sabah. The project.objective is enrichment planting of native tree specie.and research on how to best rehabilitate a rainforest... IKEA and WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) hav.joined forces to promote responsible forestry. I.co-operation, IKEA and WWF are carrying out a series o.frest projects that will contribute to the development o.global toolkits on forestry issues and promote responsibl.forestry in priority regions, i.e. in Russia, China, Estonia.Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Bulgaria.THE IKEA WA.he IKEA way on purchasing home furnishing product.Key issues such as working conditions an.environmental care among our suppliers are bein.targeted in IKEAs code of conduct, The IKEA Way o.Purchasing Home Furnishing Products.At IKEA, we want to offer low prices for well-designe.and functional home furnishing products of good quality.manufactured under acceptable working conditions b.suppliers that care for the environment.We have outlined our views in the document The IKE.Way on Purchasing Home Furnishing Products. Thi.document is our code of conduct that states the minimu.demands expected of all IKEA suppliers. It defines IKEA.requirements regarding social and working conditions.child labor, environment and forestry.IKEA aims to build long-term relationships with supplier.that share our commitment to promote good practices.and who want to grow and develop together with IKEA.IKEA expects its suppliers to respect fundamental huma.rights, to treat their workforce fairly and with respect.Suppliers are also obligated to continuously striv.towards minimizing the environmental impact of thei.operations.The basic criteria are that our suppliers must follo.national laws and international conventions. The code o.conduct is based on the UN Declaration of Huma.Rights, 148, the ILO (International Labour Organization.Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights a.Work, 18 and the Rio Declaration on Sustainabl.Development, 1. IWAY standard.of Sweden AB and trading and wholesale companies. The IKEA Group activities are coordinated by IKEA Services AB in Sweden and IKEA Services B.V. in The Netherlands. The IKEA Group is owned by a charitable foundation in the Netherlands..

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Wholesaling Channels of disribution

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Wholesaling Channels of disributio.Wholesalers trade in a variety of different markets, handling either raw materials or finished goods. They provide a range of services to both their suppliers and customers with consumer goods, these services are both benefited for the manufacturers and retailers.The wholesaler s services for manufacturer.Bulk buying is easier and cheaper for the manufacturer to deal with a few large orders rather than with many small orders, which can equate to higher prices.

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Storage. This manufacturer s own warehousing costs are reduced.Promotion. The wholesaler promotes the product and advertises for the manufacturer.Advice. The wholesaler gives feedback on the success of the goods, to the manufacturer.Risk-bearing. The wholesaler acts as the manufacturer market, therefore taking the risk of not being able to sell the goods.The wholesaler s services for retailer.Breaking Bulk. The wholesaler buys in large quantities but sells to the retailer in smaller amounts, which saves the retailer the costs of holding larger amounts of stock.Selection. The wholesaler typically has a range of manufacturers goods from which the retailer can choose.Credit. By granting credit, the wholesaler helps the retailer to finance the purchase of goods. Some wholesalers operate as Cash and Carry outlets, where retailers gain lower prices if they pay cash for, and collect, their purchases.Information. The wholesaler can provide information about new products that the manufacturer has made so awareness can get across.Delivery. Many wholesalers are prepared to deliver goods to the retailer so an influx of awareness of dependability is there.The survival of the wholesale.The growth of large-scale retail outlets has led these organisations to carry out the traditional functions of the wholesaler such as bulk breaking and warehousing, so eliminating the need for a separate wholesaler. More and more manufacturers are also carrying out some of the wholesalers, traditional functions.Wholesalers have adapted to cope with such changing condition. To make the shops more competitive, voluntary chains such as Spar and VG have been set up; wholesalers run the voluntary chain, supplying a large number of independent retailers with their goods. National Advertising, cheaper prices through bulk buying, and own brand goods are examples of the benefits available to retailers in these chains.By proving Cash and Carry services, wholesalers have helped both themselves and small independent retailers to survive.The Method s of Distributio.Roa.Road haulage is the most frequently used form of inland transport in the UK. It s cheap and fast compared to rail; it can also deliver door to door and is more flexible because it s not under strict timetables, unless making a delivery less than 4 hours or having a timed delivery.Some firms employ specialist local or national haulage companies to shift their products. Other companies may employ their own transport fleet. For example, a bakery may deliver its own products to grocers. Large organisations may deploy there own fleet of haulages for delivery to retail outlets or to customers.By running its own transport, a company can take advantage of the free advertising of their vehicles and delivery is quicker and cheaper than using a specialist road hauler. The firm will have to ensure that staff and vehicles are fully utilised to gain from its own transport.Railway.The railway method of transport remains the road haulage s major inland rival. Its strength is in moving bulky goods over long distances; it s also used in transporting urgently required or dangerous substances such as nuclear waste, often with high security. This could be a method of transporting fabrics to one part of a country to another.Air and Sea Transpor.Both of these forms of freight transport are largely (but not exclusively) used for international trade. Air transport of freight, though expensive, is extremely fast in worldwide coverage. It tends to be used for items are urgently required, highly expensive or perishable goods e.g. food stuffs, cars.Many forms of sea transport exist, including cargo liners, tankers and container ships. Although slow than most transports, these ships can move bulky items more cheaply. Cars are a great example, as the car may cost a lot, using air transport would be efficient but expensive. However, using sea transport it takes a load off the price tag but with the sacrifice of time. However, remember Patience is a virtue. The discovery and exploitation of North Sea oil, for example, led to an explosion of the usage of sea transport around ports. In addition, many firms use the sea method in advance when transporting materials such as denim.Transport developments.The use of containers has grown in the last thirty years. The container is a fixed-size, large box, which has its contents sealed inside it can be moved by crane from one method of transport to another (e.g. from a container ship to a container lorry), or a roll on roll off system can be used e.g. on cross Channel ferries. Containerisation leads to better security and quicker delivery since the goods are sealed in containers. Although this method isn t very much liked by speed demanding organisations, due to the start- stop feature its very much beginning to become a standard.Pipelines are another important development. This is used to carry liquids and gases from oilrigs to refineries. This is very much a governmental method of transportation.Channels of distributio.Manufacturers must be able to sell their goods to customers in order to make the real aim of a business Profit . This is achieved by sending their goods through various channels of distribution. The diagram below shows the methods of how a product gets from manufacturer to consumer.Each channel includes the same activities as well as the act of buying and selling, the product will be promoted at various stages of distribution, stored then transported down to the next stage.A manufacturer may sell direct to the customer, as shown in channel A (diagram), and exclude both wholesaler and retailer. Some manufacturers - for example, many china producers - run factory shops from which their products can be bought. Variations on the manufacturer-direct-to-customer channel include the door-to-door selling of products (Avon cosmetics and Betterware are well-known examples) and mail order selling through agents (who carry out some of the retailers duties).In channel B, the retailer is excluded, the wholesaler receiving the goods from the manufacturer and then selling them direct to the final consumer. These wholesalers are usually based in densely populated areas and often sell consumer goods at low prices.Channel C shows the traditional pattern. The manufacturer sells in bulk to wholesalers, who then resell in smaller quantities to retailers the retailers sell single items to consumers. Many foodstuffs and finished goods are still sold through this channel.The wholesaler may be omitted by a manufacturer, then sells direct to large retailers (channel D). These retailers, because of their size, can also carry out the function of a wholesaler, e.g. by being able to store large quantities of the goods. One popular development related to this channel is where manufacturers set up their own retail outlets through vertical forwards integration (merging with another company e.g. producer takes over retailer). The franchising of retail outlet illustrates another important variation of this channel.Selecting the channe.The choice of channel is largely determined by the product to be distributed. Consumer goods use the channels above. The channels cost and the amount of control the manufacturer wants over, distribution are two important influences in deciding which channel will be used. The influences of cost and control also affect the choice of channel for raw materials and foodstuffs. Raw materials are often distributed through a number of commodity exchanges an example is The London Metal Exchange, which grades and sells a range of metals. Some foodstuffs are also sold either through a commodity exchange such as The Baltic Exchange. Through wholesale markets for fresh produce such as Smithfield (meat) and Billingsgate (fish), or through specialist marketing and distribution boards such as Milk Marque.A number of different channels are also used to sell industrial goods. There may be direct selling to the final user; wholesalers or manufacturers agents may also be used to distribute items, such as farm machinery and steel (e.g. through steel stockholders).Another new alternative, which Live and Kicking could use, which has been taking the world by storm, is online shopping on the Internet. This method can be enjoyable and practical for the consumer as, he/she can enjoy shopping in the comfort of their office or home. This method, offers an online gallery where consumers can choose their product and make adjustments for more comfort and satisfaction when buying jeans. I feel this method will do extremely well if good awareness of it is given.Method of Transport Advantage Disadvantag.Road Ø FastØ EfficientØ CheapØ FlexibleØ Can deliver door-door Ø TrafficØ Set a number of hours if contracte.Rail Ø Efficient for long distancesØ Fast Ø Can t deliver door-to doorØ Safety concerns due to recent crashes.Air Ø Fast Ø ExpensiveØ Suited for perishable good.Sea Ø CheapØ Idyllic for bulky goods Ø Slo.Channel of distribution Advantage Disadvantag.Manufacturer to Consumer Ø Saves money not going through the other channelsØ Consumer gets a more personal serviceØ Cheap to distribute Ø Small number of consumers attracted.Ø Lack of awarenessØ Impractical if selling consumable.Manufacturer - Wholesaler - Consumer Ø Warehouse stores productØ Cheaper Ø Awareness of the product suffers.Ø Suited for foodstuffsØ Cash & Carry statusØ Suited for densely populated area.Manufacturer - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer Ø Maximum awareness of the product is raisedØ Traditional method Ø Costs manufacturer more to go through these channelsØ Price of product may rise.Manufacturer - Retailer - Consumer Ø Raises awareness of productØ If promoted in way, that this shop sells this product than both can benefit.Ø Retailer takes role of wholesaler.Ø Manufacturer has a chance to deploy vertical forwards integration. Ø Suited for large retail outletsØ Disputes may occur of how many products are to be stored.From these summarisations, would recommend that Live and Kicking should choose the third option for distributing the product. This method has been chosen to distribute the jeans as we are importing fabrics from the Far East and raising maximum awareness of the product will be achieved through this method. This will be an expensive option but is very just when importing products from the Far East. Another option is to set up an exporting branch abroad to ensure safe transportation of the fabric, or a company abroad as it would be much cheaper to set up and manufacture of the jeans will be very cheap. However, transportation to the UK will be expensive. By using all the channels of distribution in option three, Live and Kicking Jeans will have the bet chance to make it into the jeans market, may that chance be minute or not..

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