Living at home while studying

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Nowadays many students prefer to live at home. They do not want to move away. Moving away from home does not only mean moving into a new flat, most of the time it also means moving into a new city. Many students do not want to miss or give up their family, friends and neighbours. They do not want to miss the closeness that they have to these people. Living at home, while studying gives students the opportunity to keep up their good relationship towards family, friends and neighbours. This seems to be the reason why living at home while studying is the best option for students.Students are able to save a lot of money while they live at home. They do not have to pay a rent. Also extra charges as the consumption of water and electricity do not apply to them. Students do not have to think about the amount of water that they use when they take a shower. Another aspect is that if they live together with their family, they do not need as much money as if they live alone. Many things in the parents' household already exist. For example, they do not have to buy cutlery, dishes and furniture. Many students forget that ordinary things like polish or hygiene articles also cost a lot of money. If they live at home, they do not have to buy them. Usually parents buy those articles because they are used by the whole family. Most of the money can be saved because board and lodgings are free.Students not only save money while they live at home, they also save time. Most of the housework is done by the parents. Usually students do not have to do the laundry and they do not have to clean the house. Therefore they have more time for their friends and for their homework. They are also able to concentrate more on their university studies. If they live at home, they do not have to go shopping and they do not have to cook their meals themselves. Very often, this is also done by the parents. They also save time because they know their city and their surroundings very well. They know the shortest and fastest way to important places and buildings, e.g. university or library. Especially at the beginning of their studies, students who live at home have it more easy, because they are supported by their parents in many ways..

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ENGLISH

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All of the Native Americans had freedom, freedom to do anything they wanted. There were different kinds of cultures among the Native Americans but they all pretty much had freedom. They did things among their own culture and learned things from others. Native Americans learned how to grow food, trade, and even make shelter. They made buildings and turned them into cities. They all had their own unique kind of houses, but they all had them. Like the Anasazi culture had pit houses, which were underground, and others had houses on the outside. Native Americans had the freedom to live the way they wanted to live. They could make their own things or copy others and they could live where they wanted to live. The way they lived was freely, they learned to do things by themselves, and they learned everything with each other.Native Americans had their own styles. They had there own unique things that they had, while also having things that they copied from others. They all traded things with other cultures because you couldn't get everything you wanted from the land you were on. So they often traded things with each other. They had rituals that they did for there religion, and they did those with there own culture. Native Americans learned things and did things all by themselves..When the Europeans came, they changed the Native Americans way of life. They took away all their freedom. At first they just traded things, and learned things from the Native Americans. So they didn't bother them that much. But After learning how weak the Native Americans were, the Europeans used their power to do things. They tried to make them change their religion, and took most of the things they had. They took the different kinds of food, and jewelry that they had. Later they even took some of them as slaves.

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Corporate Governance

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Corporate Governanc.Corporate governance has succeeded in attracting a good deal of public interest because of its apparent importance for the economic health of corporations and society in general. The development of increased interest in corporate governance reflects higher expectations by the investment community for greater effort by listed public companies to develop their own structures and procedures to ensure effective management and appropriate standards of corporate behavior.However, the concept of corporate governance is poorly defined because it potentially covers a large number of distinct economic phenomenons. For example, Mathiesen (00) considered corporate governance a field in economics that investigated how to secure or motivate efficient management of corporations by the use of incentive mechanisms, such as contracts, organizational designs and legislation. And an article in financial times (17) said ¡°corporate governance----which can be defined narrowly as the relationship of a company to its shareholders or, more broadly, as its relationship to society.¡± Turnball (17) considered corporate governance including all the influences affecting the institutional processes, including those for appointing the controllers and / or regulators, involved in organizing the production and sale of goods and services. OECD has a more detailed definition in April 1 ¡°corporate governance is the system by which business corporations are directed and controlled. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation, such as, the board, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders, and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions on corporate affairs. By doing this, it also provides the structure through which the company objectives are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance.¡.Corporate governance rules mainly govern the relationship between the company as a corporate entity and each member, the member to each other and the company and each of the officers. The company needs rules for its internal management, usually these internal management rules provide for such matters as the appointment of officer, the power and authority of officers, and the holding of meetings, and the issue and transfer of shares. The purpose of corporate governance mechanisms is monitoring and controlling the management of corporations so as to result in more effective management and to enhance shareholder value (Lipton and Herzberg 001). Corporate governance is the set of procedures, rules, systems put into place to ensure that the company can come to life, make decisions and generally do things; it set out who will make decisions on behalf of the company----this may be----all the owners in a general meeting or ----the owners representatives----directors; and there are controls over these decision makers. A company needs rules for its internal management. Usually these internal management rules provide for such matter as the appointment of officers, the power and authority of officers, the holding of meetings, and the issue and transfer of shares. The sources of corporate governance rules including the mandatory provisions of the corporations Act which cannot be excluded; the replaceable rules which are sections of the Act that become the companies constitution unless replaced, and ¡°a constitution¡± which the promoters may decide they want their own constitution

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Corporate governance is concerned with two conflicting ideas. One is giving the board and management power to drive the company forward, the other is achieving this in an effective and accountable way. If these conflicting ideas do not match, then corporate governance will not be effective. For the extreme situation, the company will be out of control.In the past two year, five of the ten largest bankruptcies happened in US history such as Enron, WorldCom, GlobalCrossing, Tyco, and Adelphia, and some famous Australian companies such as OneTel, HIH, Harris Scarfe and Ansett collapsed too. In these corporations, boards of directors didn¡¯t govern because all essential governance happens before the board meets. The law mandates directors must act in the best interests of the corporation and its shareholders, which courts interpret to mean maximum share price. So as long as share price remains high, directors feel confident. Yet it was precisely the hyper-inflation of share price that destroyed them. For example, energy giant Enron, collapsed under piles of hidden debt and some unusually risky major investments.The major lesson from the falling down of these big companies is that rules of corporate governance do not adequately protect the interests of the general shareholder against the increasingly divergent interests of corporate managers. In other words, the agency problems from the separation of ownership and control have not yet been adequately solved and may have recently increased. Thus, public and investor faith in the integrity of the business community has been severely shaken in the past years. This effect has already led to increased demands for regulation of accounting, auditing, and corporate governance, and some important corrective actions are underway.There have been some greatest changes of governance in America. As observed in the Economist the two key sets of reforms are those in last summer¡¯s Sarbanes-Oxley act, now being turned into rules by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and those proposed by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which are also being scrutinized by the SEC.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 00 is a lengthy and comprehensive measure that is designed to improve the quality and transparency of financial reporting, independent audits, and accounting services for public companies by creating a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board overseen by SEC to enforce professional standards, ethics, and competence for the accounting profession; strengthen the independence of firms that audit public companies; increase corporate responsibility and financial disclosure; stiffer fines and criminal penalties for fraud, misrepresentation, and destruction of documents; protect the objectivity and independence of securities analysts.Other development in resolving the problem of corporate governance in USA also including the Business Roundtable released its Principles of Corporate Governance, a set of guiding principles intended to assist corporate management and boards of directors in their individual efforts to implement corporate governance best practices.In Australia, corporate governance has become the focus of unprecedented attention. The spotlight has been firmly directed at improving corporate stewardship, disclosure and internal controls. On 18 September 00, the Federal Government¡¯s Commonwealth Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP) took another step towards reforming corporate governance standards in Australia with the release of Issue Paper No. Corporate Disclosure. CLERP renews the focus on some of the leading and most sensitive issues in Australia¡¯s corporate governance debate. The Government has provided the framework and underlying principles from which it intends to strengthen the corporate governance performance of Australian companies. The reforms strengthen and clarify the roles and obligations of key corporate governance players----company boards, audit committees, management, shareholders, external auditors and regulators. Besides, The Australian Security Exchange (ASX)¡¯s Corporate Governance Council has already worked on corporate governance and audit committee best practice standards and principles to suit the Australian environment. The Council will review, and where necessary suggest input into, published guidance recommendations for Corporate Governance practice in Australia, also having regard where relevant to international models; assist ASX in building understanding about best practice on the part of listed companies including, where appropriate, formulating suggestions as to any necessary amendments to Listing Rules and guidance notes; recommend to regulators and government where legislative amendment may be necessary; provide information related to corporate governance to investors and the wider community; and regularly review compliance with best practice. Now the companies may need to prepare for 7 key areas of change aimed at strengthening audit committees, improving external auditor management, greater shareholder participation and access, stronger continuous disclosure penalties, protecting corporate whistleblowers, and assessing corporate governance performance.Recently, the collapse of the big companies and ¡°failure¡± of corporate governance have raised questions. The controversial problem is how to limit the bad companies that abuse the gifts of ¡°limited liability¡± and the ¡°separate entity principal¡± to avoid important responsibilities and liabilities. Some prefer external regulation and penalties and some would rather choose internal regulation through corporate governance. This essay will focus upon this problem.The recognition that a corporation is a separate legal entity in its own right is the foundation of modern corporate law. A corollary principle is that the shareholders of the corporation are only liable for corporate obligations to the extent of their investment.According to Puig (000), by establishing that corporations are separate legal entities, Salomon¡¯s case has allowed companies to become powerful business entities. But this has created a double-edged sword, with both good and bad elements.The principles give even apparently honest incorporators the benefit of limited liability in circumstances in which it is not necessary in order to encourage them to initiate or carry on their trade or business. First, limited liability reduces the need to monitor management and other shareholders. Secondly, limited liability and free transfer of shares with which it is arguably linked facilitate the market for control. This acts as an incentive to management to perform efficiently. Thirdly, limited liability, in adding to the marketability of shares improves the information fed to the market place by the increased volume of transaction. Fourthly, limited liability allows shareholders to diversify their holdings. Fifthly, it facilitates optimal investment decisions since a positive attitude to risk taking will ensue.However, if the principles applied inflexibly, the principles can shield parties unreasonably, to the detriment of persons dealing with companies. First, limited liability attracts small traders to the corporate form not because it represents an effective device with which to raise capital, but because it gives them access to an avenue via which to escape the ¡°tyranny of unlimited liability¡±. Secondly, when coupled with the consequent attribute of limited liability, the principles provide an ideal vehicle for fraud. Because of its malleability and facility for protecting directors and members against the claims of creditors, the corporate form has been responsible for the development of many different forms of fraudulent or anti-social activity. What is colloquially known as the ¡°$ company¡± is one notable example of corporate fraud.Modernizing company law and stricter regulations is a good way to protect shareholders. Frequently when companies fail and a disqualification order is made, directors have contributed to the collapse by their negligence, misconduct or misappropriation of company assets. Rogue directors will often ensure that there are insufficient assets to pay the costs of the liquidation and therefore frustrate recovery action. The liquidator might turn to the creditors for a fighting fund but they would often be reluctant to risk further good money after bad. By stricter regulations and penalties, the directors who abuse limited liability for their own personal benefit and at the expense of creditors who supported the company will be deterred and punished. But by the contemporary company law, it makes no difference between the responsible risk taker who works hard but is unsuccessful and those individuals who deliberately set out to cheat their creditors or abuse limited liability. For example, the falling down of Enron has made a lot of shareholders lose their investment and the employees lose their pension, but until now, no one in the company has been put into the jail.President of USA George Bush signed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act into law with the hope that it would put an end mounting corporate scandals and accounting misdeeds in the country. Included in the act are new rules regarding the structure and role of the audit committee and increases in penalties for corporate wrongdoing. Some experts (Niskanen, 00) believe that the most important policy lesson from the collapse of Enron is that the change in private rules should be complemented by repealing or reversing those laws, regulations, and court decisions that now restrict successful tender offers. The probable results would be a reduction in executive compensation, less pressure to cook the books, an improved allocation of capital, and an increase in the rate of return to the general shareholders.The company law in this area can be improved, but it need careful consideration given to how to deal with responsible risk takers----- those entrepreneurs who have ideas, put in a lot of their own money, work hard, but then fail. On the other hand, Reynolds (00) believed that there will be adverse effects from the new rules----the most serious effect will be to discourage risk. Certification amounts to promising the impossible indisputable accounting. That invites disputes and regulatory harassment, which invites lawsuits. As a result, executives will naturally become ultra-cautious, even timid. Bold new ventures will be shunned, just to play it safe. By penalizing risk, certification threatens chronic economic paralysis. This whole game is mainly a political gift to trial lawyers who chase sick companies the way ambulance chasers go after sick people. This whole game is mainly a political gift to trial lawyers who chase sick companies the way ambulance chasers go after sick people. CEOs and CFOs have just become an inviting new target for class-action suits. This added risk of litigation scared the stock market for weeks because it must shrink future profits by inflating the cost of insurance and compensation. Companies will have to pay much more for insurance to cover the risk that their executives might be sued. And a fat new risk premium must likewise be added to executive pay. Troubled companies, being most vulnerable to lawsuits, will have to pay premium salaries for the talent required to turn things around. Certification applies only to companies that sell shares to the public. We can expect more of the promising new companies to stay private, which means potential shareholders will miss out.At the same time, we have to be careful, not to look to a significant expansion of regulation as the solution to problems of abusing the principles of limited liability and separate entity. As Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said at the New York University in March 00, ¡°Regulation has, over the year, proven only partially successful in dissuading individuals from playing with the rules of accounting.¡.Internal regulation through corporate governance should be paid attention to. The uselessness of corporate governance in some extent has some social and economic reasons.The most recent experiences with the bankruptcy of Enron, and, preceding that, several lesser such incidents suggest that the governance of the corporations has strayed from our perceptions of how it is supposed to work. By law, shareholders own our corporations and, ideally, corporate managers should be working on behalf of shareholders to allocate business resources to their optimum use. But as the economy has grown, and our business units have become ever larger, in fact shareholder control has diminished ownership has become more dispersed and few choices of boards of directors or chief executive officers. The vast majority of corporate share ownership is for investment, not to achieve operating control of a company. Thus, it has increasingly fallen to corporate officers, especially the chief executive officer, to guide the business, hopefully in what he or she perceives to be in the best interests of shareholders. Indeed, the boards of directors appointed by shareholders are in the overwhelming majority of cases chosen from the slate proposed by the CEO. The CEO sets the business strategy of the organization and strongly influences the choice of the accounting practices that measure the ongoing degree of success or failure of that strategy. Outside auditors are generally chosen by the CEO or by an audit committee of CEO-chosen directors. Shareholders usually perfunctorily affirm such choices. To be sure, a CEO can maintain control over corporate governance only so long as companies are not demonstrably in difficulty. When companies do run into trouble, the carte blanche granted CEOs by shareholders is withdrawn. Existing shareholders, or successful hostile bidders for the corporation, usually then displace the board of directors and the CEO. Such changes in corporate leadership have been relatively rare but, more often than not, have contributed to a more effective allocation of corporate capital. For the most part, despite providing limited incentives for board members to safeguard shareholder interest, this paradigm has worked well.Corporate governance is not old-fashioned, but it really needs reform. Lots of economists have given their opinions on it. Kelly (00) commented with proposals getting to the heart of the matter. First, ensure auditors really audit by making them fully independent. Instead of having companies be the ¡°bosses¡± of their own auditors----selecting and paying the firms they want to work with----a Corporate Accountability Commission could assign auditors and pay them from fees assessed on companies. Second, bar law-breaking companies from government contracts. Companies with far worse records than Enron and Arthur Andersen are still feed at the government trough in massive amounts. If they face threat of contract suspension, ethics would become a genuine bottom-line concern----which is the only way to make ethics real to these folks. Third, create a broad duty of loyalty in law to the public good. Today a corporate duty of loyalty is due only to shareholders, not to any other stakeholders, and Enron behaved accordingly----using tricks to drive electricity prices up 00 percent in California and thus fuel a spike in the company¡¯s share price. Such piracy against the public good would be outlawed under a state Code for Corporate Citizenship. Finally, find truly knowledgeable directors employees. As directors, employees would be concerned with the long term and not next quarter. Through reforming, corporate governance will be one of the best ways to prevent the bad management of companies to escape from liabilities.There is another saying that limited liability and separate entity should only be available to large public corporations and not to private companies which idea this essay do not agree.First, % of companies on the Register are small private companies, and only 1% of companies are public companies. Limited liability can promote market efficiency through promoting the liquidity and efficient operation of securities markets. If just large public companies can have the advantage of limited liability, then the end result will be that the economy suffers from the difficulty of raising investment capital.Secondly, in terms of company law and principles of fiduciary duty, there is no fundamental distinction between publicly-held and privately-owned companies. Breach of fiduciary duty means the holding of something in trust for another¡±. The fiduciary duties of directors and other officers including act bona find (in good faith) in the best interest of the company; to exercise powers for their proper purpose; to retain their discretionary powers; and to avoid conflicts of interest..With the effective corporate governance and law, private companies and public companies all cannot abuse the principles of limited liability and separate entity. Jolles (00) suggested that the new corporate governance regime and the new standards of behaviour of directors and officers will apply not only to publicly traded companies, and that private companies should understand both the spirit and rationale behind the recent changes and adapt their practices accordingly. As corporate law begins to reflect the important changes in expectations for company boards and managements, including changes that will inevitably affect application of the business judgment rule, privately held companies would be wise to adjust their corporate governance policies and procedures. In conclusion, a market economy requires a structure of formal rules----a law of contracts, bankruptcy statutes, a code of shareholder rights. But rules cannot substitute for character. In virtually all transactions, whether with customers or with colleagues, we rely on the word of those with whom we do business. In fact the corporate governance reforms need the support from the law, but tougher criminal penalties aimed at punishing a few ¡°bad apples¡± will not be enough; the fundamental problems are systemic in nature. Thus, external regulation and penalties and internal regulation through corporate governance are all important to prevent bad behaviours of the management of companies. Moreover, not only large secure public corporation but also private companies are all suitable for limited liability which will help the economy booms, if successful corporate governance and relative law prevent the directors abuse the principles of limited liability and separate entity. Reference Lis.What is Corporate Governance, the encyclopedia about corporate governance available a.http//www.encycogov.com/ accessed 11.01.0.Shleifer, Vishny, P. 17, The Journal of Financial Times, p. 7.Shann Turnbull, P. 17, Corporate Governance Its scope, concerns & theories, Graduate School of Management Macquarie Universit.Phillip Lipton and Abe Herzberg, P. 001, Understanding Company Law, p. .¡°The Way We govern Now¡±, The Economist, P. Jan th, 00.Gonzalo Villalta Puig, P. 000, A Two-Edged Sword Salomon and the Separate Legal Entit.William A. Niskanen, P. 00, A Preliminary Perspective on the Major Policy Lessons from the Collapse of Enro.Alan Reynolds, P. 00, ¡°Expect Adverse Effects from new rules¡±, USA Today, August 15, 0.Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan, available a.http//usinfo.state.gov/topical/econ/mlc/00701.htm accessed 0.01.0.Ira. H. Jolles, 00, ¡°Corporate Governance Reforms for Privately-held companies¡.Marjorie Kelly, P. 00, Four Ideas For Reforming Corporate Governance After Enron, Business Ethics magazin.Sandra Berns and Paula Baron, P. 18, Company Law and Governance, Oxford University Pres.

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Julius Ceasar

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Getting someone to do something they don't want to can take time and effort. Persuasion takes a lot of words used in a good, persuasive way. In "The Tragedy of Julius Caesar" by William Shakespeare, Marc Antony took his time and effort to persuade the people of Rome.

Antony uses emotional appeal to move the crowd to tears. For example, he says, "my heart is the coffin there with Caesar, and I must pause till it come back to me" (750). This shows that Antony's display of grief was intentional. Antony, as he desired, received a reaction of sympathy and regret. In addition, Antony tells state, "to every Roman citizen he gives, to everything several men, seventy-five drachmas" (756). This shows that Antony want planned to stir the crowd's emotion by proving Caesar was a noble man. By sharing the contents of the will, he motivated the Romans to change their feelings toward Caesar's ambition. Emotional appeal was not the only persuasive technique Antony employed.

Antony uses repetition to draw in the crowd. For example, Antony says that Caesar is an ambitions man (754). Antony is trying to say that Caesar wanted a lot. Caesar wanted to achieve a lot of thing showing that he is ambitious. In addition, Antony calls Caesar an honorable man several times (750). Calling Caesar honorable several times would make the crowd change their thought towards Caesar. He keeps the crowds mind on Caesar being honorable because he keeps repeating himself. After using these techniques, Antony probably make the crowd think otherwise of Caesar.

In conclusion, persuasive techniques were used in this play. Persuasive techniques can also be used in real life situations when wanting someone to do something they don't want to do.

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Anzac Square and the shrine of remembrance

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Anzac Squar.Located in the busy city centre of Brisbane is Anzac Square. Anzac Square was constructed to commemorate those who served Australia in a war. This essay will examine the war memorial in Anzac Square as a landscape and analyse the ways in which semiotics, culture and framing shapes the messages and feelings that the audience experience when visiting such a war memorial. The essay will concentrate on the areas of metonym, metaphor, intertextual, circumtextual and extra-textual framing, along with cultural knowledge, code and convention..The lecture notes (week 8 00) state that a landscape is an identity that people can recognise, inscribe and collectively maintain certain places or regions in ritual, symbolic or ceremonial terms; conversely these places create and express socio cultural identity. The Anzac Square Memorial is named'The Shrine of Remembrance" and is a rotunda made up of 18 concrete pillars. At the base of these pillars is black metal fencing and on top of the pillars is a round concrete slab with the middle removed. Around the inside of the top of the rotunda are these words ANZAC, Cocos Islands, Romani, Jerusalem, Damascus, Pozieres, Bullecourt, Messines, Ypres, Amiens, Villers-Bretonneaux, Mont St Quentin, Hindenburg Line. On the inside base of these pillars are small lights that create mood for audiences who view the monument at night. The rotunda can be viewed from all angles due to the staircases that surround it and lead down into the park. Inside the rotunda is what is known as the'Eternal Flame of Remembrance'. This is made up of a green/black metal that has four legs and stands on a rounded block of the same colour and texture. On top of this stand is the flame. Around the base of the stand is the word'Remembrance' written twice. A park on one side and a road on the other surround the war monument. The frame is the busy city and there are many buildings that are visible no matter which angle the monument is viewed on. Around the monument are benches each with plaques dedicated to a different group of service men and women. There are four flagpoles one in each corner of the'chessboard' of green and yellow tiles that surround the rotunda. Behind the monument is a plaque with the words "For God Kind and Empire".Semiotics is the study of the way meanings are produced through signs. Semiotics studies anything that communicates meaning (Griffith University 17). This war monument uses semiotics in order to connect with its audience, using metaphor and metonym. This war monument uses metonymy through the writing of the place names above the concrete pillars. The words above the rotunda are all places that Australians have served prominently and by adding those words the monument becomes a small part of a larger picture. This larger picture will change with each war as the monument is now not for just one war, but for all wars in which Australia has had some participation in..

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Metaphor is also used when looking at the Shrine of Remembrance. The 18 concrete pillars are not just concrete pillars. There are 18 of them to represent the'Year of Peace' in 118 (Rogers and Long 00). The memorial itself has fluid lines and is easily accessible at yet it is strong, sturdy and functional and is able to withstand the elements. This is very much the image of the military forces that pride themselves on being strong and powerful in the face of adversaries.Another important aspect when analysing a landscape is to look at the framing. The intertextual framing of the Shrine of Remembrance is that it provides a link between this war monument and another (Griffith University 17). The evidence in this particular monument is the plaque, which states."To the Men and Women who by patriotism and sacrifice served their country during the Great Wars 114-118 16-145 and in Hallowed memory of those who made the supreme sacrifice this monument is erected by the people of Queensland..By viewing this plaque, the reader is invited to remember all those who served in war, yet the plaque can only be understood if they know what the Great Wars were and what they involved. Thus, the Shrine of Remembrance uses intertextual framing..A second aspect of framing is the circumtextual frame. This particular frame is that which surrounds the text and guides our interpretations (Griffith University 17). The circumtextual frame for the Shrine of Remembrance is the city centre. It reminds us that although we go along with out everyday lives, we must also remember that there are those in society and in the past who can't go along with the everyday activities that we take for granted. The frame is busy, yet the park and the Shrine are calm and relaxing and without the busy comings and goings of the city framing the tranquil feeling may not have the desired effect..The lecture notes (week 11 00) state that the Australian War Memorial produces an effect of national identity by organising contact within a sophisticated intertextual field. Modern discursive distinctions between history and memory, reality and theatricality, individual and collective, and secular and sacred become mutually inflected or contaminate though close proximity. The extra-textual frame is the information that we bring that is outside and separate to the text (Griffith University 17). It is extra knowledge that we bring to the text, which may create an oppositional reading to the one that many people would interpret. In this circumstance the extra-textual frame is the one that by reading the plaques and looking at the flame and experiencing the war memorial, a person will read that the soldiers who went to war and died went senselessly and that the Shrine of Remembrance is glorifying a bloody and irrational act and should be torn down.The next major aspect to look at and analyse is that of the cultural knowledges. These are the knowledges that members of a particular culture have in common (Griffith University 17). For example, a Japanese person will make a different reading of an Australian war memorial than an Australian person would due to the knowledges that may have been silenced in teachings in Japan. In the Shrine of Remembrance the names at the top of the rotunda would only have true meaning to a person who knew the significance of the places to the Australian people. Another is the assumed knowledge of the Eternal Flame of Remembrance. There is no plaque explaining why the flame is there. One must assume why the flame is there and it is therefore the assumed knowledge which makes the shrine much more meaningful for certain members of a particular culture..When you place all the elements of the Shrine of Remembrance together, you become aware of a code within the memorial. A code is made up of a set of signs and the rules for using and understanding them (Griffith University 17). In this case, the codes that are present are the Australian flags on the flagpoles, the name of the place that the shrine is located Anzac Square, and the location itself that together create a sense of national pride..Code works closely with the notion of Convention. The glossary (Griffith University 17) defines convention as a common social practice or agreement. The act of visiting the Shrine of Remembrance is a convention along with returning to the shrine each Anzac Day to lay wreaths of flowers. Convention is important for the function of a war memorial as without it, it is worthless and loses all meaning. Ken Inglis (18 cited by Nicoll 001 p. ) states that.‘a war memorial may signal exultation, pride, gratitude, mourning. It may even, though this is everywhere rare, express opposition to the war in question. People can pick and choose among the messages. The strength of each, moreover, may change over time and new messages may be added…whatever else they are, the memorials remain sites for mourning victims after war.' The evidence of convention at this site is the seats, for visitors to sit at, return to and rest and the garden, a place for many to enjoy whilst they return to mourn, remember or celebrate the lives of Australians soldiers..In conclusion, the Shrine of Remembrance is effective as a war memorial as it successfully evokes feelings of national pride and melancholy but most of all; it allows different people to bring their own ideas, meanings and feelings to the site. This is important for an effective landscape, as the purpose of a landscape is an ongoing relationship between people and place, it is something that both works, and does work. The Shrine of Remembrance and Anzac Square is a memorial that will continue to be visited by both locals and international guests for years to come as it works to connect with it's audience and provide a way of seeing.. Bibliograph.HARRIS, H., week 8 00. Landscapes. Brisbane Griffith Universit.HARRIS, H., week 11 00. Memorialising the Digger. Brisbane Griffith Universit.FACULTY OF ARTS, 17. Glossary of Terms. Brisbane Griffith Universit.RODGERS, P. & LONG, K., 17. Shrine of Remembrance Anzac Square, Brisbane. Anzac Day. Available from http//www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/queensland.html [Accessed 10th June 00.

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Communication process diagram and Nonverbal communication

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.Communication is the exchange of messages between people for the purpose of achieving common meanings. It is a way of exchanging and sharing ideas, attitudes, values, opinions, and facts. Significantly, communication is a process that requires both a sender, who begins the process, and a receiver, completes the communication link. In an organization, the communication process is very important for those managers to transform the orders to their subordinates, transform the concepts to their customers, and also can help the subordinates to report their working processes. As a result, to totally understand the process of communication is compulsory for both the manager and the subordinates in an organization.However, if we seek more details of the communication process, we find that the communication process can be analyzed into its basic component.1.The sender is the initiator of the message

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.Encoding is the process of translating the intended meaning into symbols (which includes words and gestures)..The message is the encoding process outcome, which consists of verbal and nonverbal symbols that have been developed to convey meaning to the receiver.4.The medium is the method used to convey the message to the intended receiver (such as by telephone, e-mail, reports). Factors to consider when selecting a medium include relative speed, cost, convenience, intelligibility, timing, feedback options, and documentation.5.The receiver is the person with whom the message is exchanged.6.Decoding is the process of translating the symbols into the interpreted message. In effective communication, the sender and receiver achieve a common meaning.7.Noise is any factor in the communicating process that interferes with exchanging messages and achieving common meaning.8.Feedback is the basic response of the receiver to the interpreted message. During feedback, the receiver becomes the sender. It also provides preliminary information to the sender about the success of the communication..Communications usually have two types, verbal and nonverbal.Verbal communication is the written or oral use of words to communicate. Written communication includes letters, memoranda, reports, newsletters, policy manuals, and so on. Oral communication usually takes place through face-to-face conversations, or on the telephone.Nonverbal communication is communication by means of elements and behaviours that are not coded into words. There are three types of nonverbal communication. That is Kinesic, Proxemics and Paralanguage.Kinesic includes body movements, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye movements, and postures. It is also known as ¡®body language¡¯. For example, when you talk with people nervously, you may continually shake your hands. If people pay attention to your hand, they may understand your body language.Proxemics is the language of space and time on communication; for example, a manager may have a good conditioned office while an employee can only have a normal desk. Another example is that when you have dinner with your family, the oldest people always sits face to the north.Paralanguage includes the vocal aspects of communication that relate to how something is said rather than to what is said. It means when you listen to the people, you may pay more attention on his intonation, when he says ¡°Nice to meet you¡± impatiently, maybe it means he doesn¡¯t welcome you.When a manager talks with his employees, he should not only concentrate on what he says, but also what he behaves and his tone. To be more understood of nonverbal communication, managers should try to understand the culture of people. A high-context culture country¡¯s people will have more nonverbal language when he talks to people.Studies indicate that managers spend most of their time communicating, and that they prefer oral to written communication..

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Extracting Copper from Copper Ore

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Copper is a very versatile metal and is used for a variety of applications, such as power, communications and water supply. Copper has a remarkable combination of properties including.

~ good electrical and thermal conducto.~ corrosion resistan.~ easily joine.

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~ ductil.~ malleable.~ recyclable and easy to allo.Copper is derived from the Earth's Lithosphere and is easily recyclable because it doesn't lose any properties in the melting process, 40% of today's copper needs are recycled..Native copper is found in nuggets because of its un-reactivity with the atmosphere, but the main process is mining the copper ores which consist of three main substances ~ Chalcopryrite, Bornite and Malachit.The industrial separation process involving copper has main steps mining, extraction and purification, but these can be broken down in more detail, they ar.Exploration The concentrated area of profitable copper or is located by geologists, metallurgists and engineers.Mining Underground mines are used when the copper ore lies deep below earth's surface and open cut mines are used when near surface. The ore is extracted from ground by machines.Milling and Concentrating Copper ore containing copper sulfide is then ground and mixed with water to form slurry. The copper mineral is separated by flotation, the chemicals in the slurry attach to the copper ore and are then floated to the surface in air bubbles then this concentrated copper (aprox. 0% each copper, iron and sulfur). Remaining rock etc. is left in the slurry.Leaching and Electrowinning The concentrated copper ore is then leached, a process where the ore containing copper-oxide minerals are dissolved in acid then pumped into an extraction plant where copper is separated by organic materials. This results in an electrolyte solution, Electrowinning changes this into .% pure copper cathode.Smelting The copper is melted in a series of furnaces where impurities are burned or separated, % pure copper is left after the smelting, the molten copper is then poured into anodes (molds).Electro-refining Copper anodes are immersed in acid and are transferred from positive anodes to negative cathodes. This resulting in a .% pure copper cathode. Fabrication Melted copper cathodes are cast as wire or cakes to be used commercially or industrially..One of the mixtures that are used to separate the copper ore is the slurry, which was used in the flotation process. The main property used in this separation process is density, because the lighter less dense copper mineral to float to the surface. In the smelting process the main property resulting in separation are the melting points of substances. Different melting points allows liquids to be poured off or solids to be filtered out..The copper that is coated in the chemical and floated to the top of the slurry through lack of density is taken off and used to make the final copper product. The other product is the waste left in the slurry, this is used to fill mines but first has to be separated from other liquids etc. In the smelting process, the % pure copper left is used for fabrication and the other impurities are burnt and/or discarded.The remaining water and chemicals from the slurry would probably be separated from the rock and then the rock used for filling mines etc. This would be reasonably good for the environment as the rock that isn't used is put back. But the smelting process is another story, it emits alarming amounts of arsenic and carbon monoxide into the water and air surrounding the mines, the fumes are poisonous. Also copper is more toxic to freshwater fish species than any other heavy metal except mercury. More care needs to be taken in the smelting process and copper should never enter the ecosystems as it can cause major threats.Copper was the first metal to be extracted from its ore, this was a major step in chemistry and led the way for many other metals to be extracted. It is also very easy to alloy so it has been a highly used metal in commercially produced alloys. These separation processes are used on a variety of metals and non-metals because of their simplicity and affectivity. The basic flotation process has been used for centuries when separating substances and smelting which was first used with copper is one of the most widely used commercial separation process. These processes have made distinct advances and may be effective at present but it is probably that they will lead the way for further developments in separation processes and the mining industry..The discovery of obtaining copper from copper ore was a huge step in materials history as it pioneered for extractions of other metals. Copper is very widely used today and is even present in many foods. This process of separation is not excessively complex but requires millions of dollars worth of machinery; this is consistent through most industrial methods. Without this industrial separation process involving the extraction of copper the world would be very different.. Arem, Dr. Joel E,.(11), Discover Rocks and Minerals, published by Publications International Ltd..Arizona Mining Association,(18) Available http//www.azcu.org/minetomarket.Ernie's Pages, (N.D), Available http//members.tripod.com/~sai_lor/mining.ht.Irwin, Debbie,(001) Chemistry Contexts 1, Published by Longma.Neil Summers, (00), Copper Ore Processing, Available http//www.rhosybolbach.freeserve.co.uk/process.ht.School Science, (N.D), Available http//www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/biology/copper/copch1pg1x.htm.Project Underground, (N.D.), Available http//www.moles.org/ProjectUnderground/motherlode/freeport/env.htm.

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