Pollution

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Inventories / Use Pattern.This program produces databases on toxic chemicals releases to air, water, and land through the National Pollutant Release Inventory, and industry self-reporting activity. Use patterns of commercial chemicals, including pesticides, are developed on an as needed basis..Air and Wast.This program is aimed at the reduction of environmental impacts resulting from sources of air pollutants, including combustion processes as well as the reduction of impacts from solid waste management at federal facilities..

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Toxic Chemicals.This program measures the environmental risks associated with priority toxic substances in the region as well as selected substances of national concern. Control strategies are developed for the highest risk substances.Pesticide.This program quantifies the environmental impacts from high-risk pesticide use and develops mitigative measures for regional pesticide programs, primarily those at federal facilities.Alternatives to Pesticide.Many city dwellers expect instant solutions when it comes to controlling insects and weeds in their gardens and back yards simply spray a pesticide and the problem is solved. Unfortunately, its not as simple as that. Pesticides have to be poisons, otherwise they wont work..Like any poison around the home, pesticides should be used as a last resort and with extreme caution. Have you ever stopped to consider that for some pest problems you may not need a pesticide? On the small scale of yards and family gardens, non-chemical pest control can be a feasible alternative.Why Try Alternative Pest Control.Pesticides are toxic to many forms of life in addition to the species to be controlled. Honeybees and useful predatory insects such as ladybugs can be killed outright when the pesticide is applied. Pesticide residues can accumulate in the food chain, causing damage to birds, fish, and other forms of animal life. In many cases these side effects are not immediately apparent, but show up later; for example, in the abnormal eggs laid by birds that have fed on pesticide-treated insects. Ultimately some side effects may extend to human life as well..Using a pesticide can be compared to taking a prescription drug, in that the benefits must be weighed against the side effects. Pesticides alleviate symptoms, but do not provide a cure they have not eliminated one insect species from the planet. In fact, extensive use of pesticides in agriculture has led to the development of genetically resistant insect and weed species that are no longer affected by some commonly used pesticides..Alternative Methods of Pest Contro.Chemical insecticides are a useful tool in the control of insect pests but they are not the only method available. The homeowner has a number of biological and cultural options that, from an environmental and health viewpoint, are more attractive. A rigorously followed pest management program around the home and garden will hold pest populations at a level where pesticides will seldom be required and then only as a last resort.The phrase pest management is intended to convey the concept of managing pest populations rather than controlling them. Pest management is a systematic approach to keeping pest populations below the economic/aesthetic injury level. It demands some knowledge of insect life histories and the influence of the physical environment on pest reproduction, survival, and distribution. Much of this information is available from both provincial and federal agriculture departments.Companion Plantin.Vegetables and flowers have different odours and root secretions that are believed to affect the activity of insects and the growth of nearby plants..Plant marigolds and other members of the chrysanthemum family throughout the garden to protect tomatoes, beans, and other plants from a variety of insects..Sow aromatic plants at intervals throughout the garden to ward off pests. Chives, dill, nasturtiums, geraniums, thyme, basil, celery, mint, garlic, and onions are examples of aromatic plants often grown for their own value anyway..Basil is said to keep tomatoes free from infestation, and savoury to protect beans. Onions or garlic sowed next to carrots will foil the carrot fly..Plant horseradish at the corners of a potato patch, and plant beans near potatoes to repel the Colorado potato beetle..Consult gardening books and magazines. Again, magazines such as Harrowsmith and Organic Gardening are a good source..Conclusio.Remember that pesticides only relieve symptoms… they are not a cure-all. Insects will never be eradicated. Instead, why not tolerate minor flaws and blemishes on fruit and vegetation? Think of your yard and garden as a small portion of nature in which pests too have their place. Oftentimes nature provides its own pest control in the form of birds or other insects that feed on the species we consider nuisances. But if you do want to give nature a helping hand, next time consider the alternatives before reaching for a spray can.Centralized Composting Helps to Complete the Carbon Cycl.What is composting.Composting is a natural process whereby microorganisms transform organic waste materials into a soil- like product called humus. Kitchen scraps, leaves and yard waste, paper, wood, food-processing wastes, as well as agricultural crop wastes and animal manure, are excellent organic waste materials that can be composted..Composting has two benefits it helps to reduce the amount of waste going to landfills and to recover a valuable resource. It is estimated that about 40 to 60 percent of the total waste stream could be composted.For the composting process to work best, it is important that the microorganisms have a continuous supply of food (i.e., organic wastes), water and oxygen. As well, managing the temperature of the composting material is important to make the process work..Although most organic wastes supply all of the nutrients necessary for the microorganisms to grow, they grow best with certain levels of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Paper, leaves and wood are high in carbon, while grass clippings and vegetable trimmings are high in nitrogen. The materials in the composting recipe need to be mixed in the correct combination to create the right C N ratio..Woah.The number of centralised composting facilities throughout Canada has more than tripled from 0 to over 10 since 18.The Carbon Cycl.Carbon is an essential component of all living things. It exists mostly as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and oceans, and in fossil fuels stored beneath the Earths surface. The major steps of the carbon cycle are thes.ɨ Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants and converted into sugar by the process of photosynthesis.ɨ Animals eat plants, breaking down the sugars and releasing carbon into the atmosphere, oceans and soil.ɨ Other organisms break down dead plant and animal matter, returning carbon to the non-living environment.ɨ Carbon is also exchanged between the oceans and the atmosphere.Composting helps complete the carbon cycle by returning the carbon to the non-living environment by decomposing plant and animal matter.Types of Compostin.Composting can be done in many different ways. Types of composting range from residential or backyard composting to mid-scale and central municipal or industrial composting systems. Selecting the most suitable method depends on the amount and type of organic materials to be composted..Residential or backyard composting means that an individual household composts most of its food and yard waste in a container located outside the home. Worm composting is a viable option to compost kitchen waste indoors. This is the simplest and most cost-effective method because collection, transportation and costs are avoided. People benefit directly from their own efforts by producing a valuable additive for their own garden soil..However, not all food and yard waste can be managed so simply. Organic material from commercial sources, such as restaurants, supermarkets, apartment buildings and food manufacturers, needs to be managed differently. This is where mid-scale and centralised composting fits in..Both mid-scale and centralised composting involves significantly larger quantities and a larger variety of organic wastes.Mid-scale composting is the on-site management of organic waste generated by a group of people, such as in an apartment complex, office building or hospital. This avoids the transportation of organic waste. Centralised composting involves the collection and transportation of organic materials to a special facility where it will be prepared and processed into compost..Woah.Approximately half of Canadas population lives in areas which have access to some type of centralised composting.Centralised Composting Facilitie.The design and set-up of a centralised composting site must take into account such factors as the type and volume of organic waste, waste collection methods, sorting, storage factors and the end use for the finished compost. Quality organic waste and good operating procedures ensure the production of high-quality compost.Among the most common centralised composting process technologies, in order of increased technology, ar.Windrow.Organic materials are placed in long triangular rows called windrows. Windrows are turned and watered occasionally to ensure that the microorganisms get an adequate supply of oxygen and that any clumps of organic material are broken up.This method is commonly used for composting leaf and yard waste, commercial food wastes, or such speciality items as shredded Christmas trees..Static Aerated Pil.Organic waste materials are formed into windrows over perforated pipes. Rather than the windrows being turned, air is supplied to the microorganisms through the pipes..Almost all municipalities own the necessary equipment required for centralised composting operations using windrows or static aerated piles. This means that the capital costs are relatively low..In-Vesse.In-vessel systems are either fully or partially enclosed, and can handle more material in a smaller space than windrows or static aerated piles. However, they tend to be more costly. These systems provide better control of aeration, temperature and the moisture in the organic materials being composted, all of which result in faster decomposition.If necessary, water can be added to maintain the correct moisture level, and air can be pumped in to provide oxygen and to control the temperature..Although different in-vessel systems are available, they are generally of three basic types channels or troughs, containers and rotating drums (sometimes called tube digesters)..Channels (or Troughs.The composting process takes place in long rectangular troughs or channels. The organic waste materials are mixed so that the clumps are broken up and the material is aerated..Container.Composting takes place in closed containers that are supplied with air. Excess moisture and exhaust airs are removed from the containers to maintain ideal conditions for the microorganisms throughout the process.Rotating Drums (Tube Digesters.Organic waste materials are added to a drum which is continuously rotating. The rotation ensures that the microorganisms are constantly supplied with the oxygen they need and that all of the organic waste materials are exposed to them. The material remains in the drum for three to five days and is then transferred to windrows for final curing..Anaerobic Digester.Organic waste materials can also be digested in an oxygen-free, or anaerobic, environment by micro- organisms that do not need oxygen. The length of time required to digest the organic waste material varies according to the individual technology usually between two and twenty days. The process produces humus, methane and carbon dioxide. The methane is captured and converted into energy. Following digestion, the humus is transferred to windrows for final composting.Composting has two benefits it helps to reduce the amount of waste going into landfills and to recover a valuable resource. It is estimated that approximately 40% to 60% of the total waste stream could be composted.CANADIANS DISPOSE OF ABOUT MILLION TONNES OF WASTE EACH YEAR. IMAGINE SIX FOOTBALL FIELDS PILED ONE KILOMETRE HIGH WITH GARBAGE! COMPOSTING CAN BE PART OF THE SOLUTION.IN ADDITION TO REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF WASTE GOING TO LANDFILLS, COMPOSTING IS ONE WAY TO RETURN NUTRIENTS TO THE SOIL. IT HELPS TO COMPLETE THE CARBON CYCLE. COMPOST IS A VALUABLE RESOURCE IN ITSELF FOR LANDSCAPING, IN POTTING SOIL FOR THE HORTICULTURAL INDUSTRY AND IN AGRICULTURE. BACKYARD COMPOSTING IS NOT ALWAYS APPROPRIATE. INDUSTRY HAS UNDERTAKEN LARGE-SCALE CENTRALIZED COMPOSTING PROJECTS AND SOME MUNICIPALITIES HAVE ALSO DEVELOPED CENTRALIZED COMPOSTING FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS FOR ORGANIC WASTES.Natural causes volcanic eruption spews pollutant.forest fires haze, swamps that release methane gas, wind action that creates dust storm.Human burning, improper waste disposal, industrial accidents, and agricultur.Air pollutants co, SO, nitrogen oxides, suspended particles.

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Computing Our Way to the Future

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Life in the United States changed for the better due to the invention of the computer. Personal computers revolutionized the way people live their lives. From the novice computer to the most sophisticated central processing unit, personal computers are now accessible to everyone due to their availability and affordable prices. At home, every family member can use the personal computer. Dad can work on his golf swing, while mom finds new recipes, and their child can write his or her English paper. Like the personal computer, the Internet has paved the way for the future. The Internet has more information than any book can ever hold because the Internet is always being updated. The Internet connects people together from all over the world. Last week, for example, I was talking to my friend Aaron on the Internet. He is from the Philippines, half a world away. As a result, without the Internet available to me, my telephone bill would be sky high and I would not be able to talk to my friend as much as I would like to. Personal computers and the Internet have changed the world around us, but robots make our world easier. In the past, manufacturing a car was difficult and time consuming and sometimes deadly. With the computers inside the robots, making cars are now easier, less time consuming, and safer than ever. For instance, the Ford car company can now produce two hundred mid-sized cars in a span of a day. In the past, two hundred cars were produced in a month. Obviously, computers are taking us to a better and brighter future due to its ability to make things easier and more precise for us..

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Iran

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Women In The Middle Eas.Ira.The revolution in 17 brought some major changes to the way Iran functioned, especially the women. The fundamentalist government took over Iran, and began to change things. Women began facing repression, and they continue to face it. They are denied participation in public activities, education, employment and politics (Williams, pg.116). They are required to wear burqa's, which is a head to toe covering for women so there body shape is not revealed. The though of the fundamentalist government was that women are physically, intellectually, and morally inferior to men (Williams, pg.117). In 17, a stricter dress code was imposed on the women. Modern outfits such as skirts, and suits are not allowed, even underneath the burqa. Any other accessories are not permitted if they are glittery or showy. Their definition of women is the duty is to bear children, take care of the home, and provide comfort and satisfaction to their husbands.Some of the rules enforced on the women are the hejab, which is the dress code, and is mandatory in all public places. They cannot use cosmetics, obtain a passport without their husband's permission, and be in the company of men who are not relatives and many more. If any of these rules are not abided by, the punishments can include verbal abuse, 74 lashes with a whip, or imprisonment for one month to a year (Williams pg.117). When a lady is accused of sexual misconduct, it is legal for them to be stoned.

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Women are thought to be incapable of making important decisions; therefore they are not permitted to be judges. Some women resist against these rules, and protest for their equal rights. One law use to be that they did not have custody of their children, but they fought for it and had a law passed that granted them some custody to the rights of their children. Within the government one can see a sufficient amount of corruption, an example of this is that in Islam temporary marriages are permitted, although the regime uses this as a way of having'prostitution' seem legal in an Islamic way. They do this by having a temporary marriage for an hour, which allows them in their mind to have an official network of prostitution (Williams, pg.11). This is regarded as twisting the situation...

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Duck Shooting

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Should duck shooting be banned.

The unnecessary slaughter of ducks in Australia should be totally abolished. This cruel practice will eventually lead to more species becoming endangered, it destroys the natural wetlands and non-discriminating hunters are killing many protected species. There is no need, in a society such as ours, for anyone to hunt his or her own food and, basically, it is cruel.

Firstly, duck shooting leads to more species becoming endangered. Currently the waterbirds that on the game species list are the Pacific Black Duck, the Grey Teal, the Mountain Duck, the Hardhead, the Chestnut Teal and the Maned Goose. The more and more these water birds get hunted the less there will be of these species. Duck populations are increasing because of their habitat shrinking and water drainage. Shooting is not helping them at all. Killing ducks will ruin the food chain causing more extinction in other species.

If duck shooting continues, protected species and various plant life are injured, killed or damaged by hunters. It should be also noted that the damage is passed on to those consuming the affected birds, be they humans or other wildlife. Little is known of the effects of lead in the environment; the worst thought is the loss of whole habitats. Removing this sport from society will eliminate much unnecessary suffering of animals and lead to a safer and healthier environment.

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Thirdly, protected species are also being killed in the process of duck shooting. Many people mistake waterfowl that aren't currently on the game list for waterfowl that are. The NSW Democrat MP Richard Jones at Lake Cowral said "shooters couldn't tell if they were shooting at a protected species or not". He also declared that a'shoveller', a protected species, was killed within a 0-minute period of the opening of the shooting season.

As the submission to the Minister of the Environment states'there is no need to hunt ducks for food as there is much more meat on farm raised ducks than on wild ones, in actual fact, five times more meat' therefore we no longer have to hunt for our food. Another reason given is that hunting ducks for food is totally untenable, a very costly means of obtaining a meal, one that cannot be justified on economic grounds.

Finally, it is inhumane to hunt ducks. Many irresponsible hunters shoot purely for the pleasure of it. They are reckless in retrieving the wounded or maimed fowl. Many are abandoned or left to perish ending in much suffering. Statistics from the 1 Duck Report Bureau shows that four out of ten inspected ducks had been shot in a way that their death would have been a deep moral crisis, with evidence showing distressed injuries and neurogenic shock sustained. This tells us that shotgun pellets did not only injure waterfowl but birds were also injured by prolonged disturbance to their peaceful habitat.

In conclusion, duck shooting must be banned. This senseless practice ensures that there is much pain and suffering for the pleasure of a few individuals. The delicate Australian environment is being damaged as more and more species are threatened..

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Iraq War Justified

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Leaders of the United States and Britain are under relentless questioning over whether they relied on intelligence estimates that deliberately exaggerated the threat of Iraqs weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to justify waging war.This is a matter of grave concern for Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi as well, since he accepted fully the American and British rationale for the war.In attacking Iraq without any specific United Nations resolution, the United States and Britain asserted that Iraq had to be relieved of its hidden weapons of mass destruction. To support their assertions, U.S. and British troops in Iraq are still combing the country in search of such weapons.But two months after the fall of Baghdad, the search has yet to produce any nuclear, chemical or biological weapons-nor even any evidence that Iraq ever had such weapons.Buy custom Iraq War Justified term paper

Hans Blix, the chief U.N. weapons inspector, questioned the nature of the many pieces of ``evidence presented by the United States and Britain in the U.N. Security Council before the war and has noted it is quite likely that Iraq destroyed its weapons quite some time ago.The first such ``evidence to come under scrutiny was a British government dossier that supposedly contained detailed documentation of Iraqs WMD development program.Released in September 00, this dossier says Iraq sought uranium from an African nation. When the International Atomic Energy Agency analyzed the document upon which the dossier was based, however, the document itself was found to be a fabrication.The dossier also stated Iraq had the means to deploy chemical and biological weapons ``within 45 minutes. But according to the BBC, this part of the report was ``amended by the prime ministers office to make it more impressive, and a senior intelligence officer has admitted the fabrication.``Completely and totally untrue, British Prime Minister Tony Blair said in dismissing allegations his government had overstated Iraqs weapons capability to justify the war. But Britains Parliament has decided to conduct an inquiry into whether Blair was right in deciding to wage war.In the United States, the Defense Intelligence Agency has recently admitted having compiled a report last fall that included an analysis concluding there was no solid evidence to substantiate a claim that Iraq had chemical weapons. The Senate is looking into the accuracy of the intelligence the government was given.President George W. Bush counters criticism from Congress and in the media by saying the war liberated the people of Iraq. He is obviously determined to justify his action, even if no weapons of mass destruction turn up.Indeed, the Iraqi people are free of the tyranny of Saddam Hussein. But the very fact that all these questions are being raised in the United States and Britain is proof that wars must never be waged without justification. If the two nations indeed exaggerated the threat of Iraqs weapons of mass destruction, it would be even more reason for the international community to be apprehensive about Bushs ``pre-emptive strike doctrine..

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The Vikings

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The very word "Viking" conjures up images of fierce, uncivilized warriors and pirates who attacked and wrought havoc on the Christian countries of Europe from the 8th to the 11th century. However, they are a much-misunderstood people and it is not easy to unravel the truth from legend. To begin, they were not peoples from one land, but from three Denmark, Norway and Sweden, coming from an area of northern Europe known as Scandinavia. However, there was no unity, and wars among these three Viking nations were common. The word "Viking" is a general term (possibly derived from the word "vig" which means "fighting") to describe all Scandinavians of this time. Another more accurate term is Norseman (meaning men from the North). Although they did lead piratical raids against the Christian countries of Europe, the Vikings were not uncivilized barbarians. They were excellent navigators, great traders, and were skilled in the arts of metalwork and carpentry.As told by legend, raiding cities, towns and monasteries may have been a quick and sometimes easy way to get rich; it was not the only means by which Vikings supported themselves. For a majority of Vikings, the resources they needed to survive came not from pillaging, but from the seas, the fields, and the forests around them. Based on archaeological finds such as sickles, picks, hoes and ploughshares and the preserved remains of animals and plants, we now know the Vikings were very skilled craftsmen and highly successful farmers. As seafarers, they felled the trees of Scandinavians forests to build their famous cargo ships to trade these goods with each other and with others across Europe and parts of East Asia. They also shaped the iron commonly found in the bogs of Europe into tools and weapons, and also turned traded and ill-gotten gold and silver into stunning jewelry. Relying on local materials, they built homes of wood, stone and sod to create large and well-organized communities in the areas of Europe they conquered and settled. They even contributed to the language of the areas they eventually colonized.The Vikings were also explorers. Their ships, which resembled open canoes, were able to navigate the shallowest rivers and cross the widest oceans even in very poor weather conditions. From Sweden, Vikings rowed and sailed the rivers of Eastern Europe that lead to the Black Sea and ultimately the Middle East. The exploits of Norwegian Vikings lead them west to settle Iceland in 860 and still further west to colonize Greenland about a hundred years later. By the end of the first millennium they had even reached and set up at least one camp in North America, some five hundred years before Christopher Columbuss arrival in 14.In 8, a Norwegian Viking, Eric the Red, sailed to a little explored, uncolonized island west of Iceland. He named the island Greenland, and in 86 he led 5 ships full of settlers across the Atlantic Ocean. Only 14 ships arrived in Greenland, but enough people survived to establish a colony. About 18 years later, a sailor named Bjarni, who was on his way to Greenland, was blown off course and sighted land even farther west. Leif the Lucky, the son of Eric the Red, retraced Bjarni's course. In about 1000 AD, Leif landed somewhere on the coast of what we now call Canada. He named this new territory Vinland.

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Although the Vikings did settle in parts of Britain, France, Iceland, and Russia on a permanent basis, they were not seeking to conquer these lands. They were opportunist pirates who took advantage of the chaos following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Europe. They were certainly warlike, but they were not barbarians, as often is as depicted. They lived, for the most part, in an ordered and civilized society. Viking warriors, however, were feared throughout Europe for their ferocity. Viking warriors had no fear of death. If they died on the battlefield, it was considered to be an honorable death. To surrender or be taken prisoner would have brought shame and dishonor to their families..The Vikings did not have military uniforms. Unless a Viking warrior was chosen to fight in the kings army, he was responsible for making his own fighting clothes and weapons. Hence, like ordinary Viking dress, the type and style of a warriors clothes varied from place to place across Scandinavia. Despite this, there were some similarities. One similarity was practicality. A warriors clothes were designed to allow him to fight without anything getting in the way. His clothes had special features to protect him from the blows of enemy swords, arrows and spears. The clothes also kept him warm while traveling to the next raid. The average Viking warrior wore a one-piece outer jacket usually made of leather. The jacket was both tough and warm. Beneath it, he wore a linen or woolen tunic. This tunic often hung lower in the sleeves and around the waist hem than the jacket. The tunic was usually colorful and nicely decorated. Wool socks and goatskin or calfskin shoes were worn on the feet. A silver Thors hammer, a good-luck charm, hung from a chain or leather strap around the neck. Some Viking warriors had an extra piece of protection, which was a wire mesh covering called a birnie or chain mail. However, it was heavy, very time-consuming to make, and expensive to buy. Consequently, only the Kings warriors wore it. A Viking warriors headdress was a helmet made either of leather or metal that fitted snugly on the head. The last thing a warrior would want was a loose helmet blocking his vision. Metal helmets were conical in shape and were mainly worn by the kings warriors. Some leather and metal helmet designs often included a reinforcing strip of metal along the center seam. This piece extended down over the nose for additional protection. Some designs included a goggle-like protection around the eyes too. Whether it was made of metal or leather, Viking helmets did not have horns as often pictured in movies, cartoons, or fictional books. Horned helmets would have been extremely cumbersome in battle.The Vikings practically invented the blitzkrieg or surprise attack. There would be no warning before they struck. They sailed quickly into a port and then robbed, and killed everyone in their path until their raid was finished. Then, as quickly as they arrived, they departed. The battle was often over before the enemy had a chance to react. If the Vikings faced an enemy waiting on shore for their attack, the first battle tactic used was fear. Their dragon-headed ships, blood red striped sails, and berserker warriors probably frightened even the bravest enemy. This tactic proved so successful, the government of Paris paid the Vikings in silver coins not to attack and gave them part of France, now called Normandy, as their own land. The Vikings had a reputation of being fearless fighters. When not outnumbered, they fought hand-to-hand combat. When in trouble, they often formed a tight circle and defended themselves to the end.Nothing is as symbolic of the Vikings as the longship or drakkar. Also called a dragon ship by its enemies, the drakkar was really a warship designed to carry fearless Viking warriors on their raids across Europe over a millennium ago.The average length of a longship was 8 meters. The largest ever excavated was seventy meters long. Its sixty oarsmen could swiftly deliver as many as four hundred warriors to a battlefield along the coast or well inland via a river. Like most large drakkars, it was owned by a powerful king. He was the only one who could afford to build it. In the last days of the Viking Age, three hundred of these longships were in the Viking fleet. The average longship owned by an earl or nobleman carried a crew of twenty to thirty oarsmen. They rowed the ship when the winds were slight or calm. Other crewmembers included a helmsman who steered the ship, a lookout that watched for rocks in shallow waters, and a few spare men who took the place of tired oarsmen or replaced one lost overboard during a storm. The remaining men onboard were warriors, eager to do battle or to raid a community and rob it of its riches..The longship was very sturdy, and yet flexible enough to withstand the waves of stormy seas and light enough to be dragged overland between two lakes or rivers. The prow, or bow, was sometimes tipped with a very ornate carving of a snake or dragonhead, thus earning it the nickname dragon ship. The prow ornament was removed while the ship was at sea. Replacing such a finely carved piece would be expensive, and losing it might be a bad omen. Red dye was added to give the sail a vivid crosshatched pattern. Sometimes the whole sail was dyed a solid red color. The choice of red, the color of blood, was meant to strike fear into the hearts of the Vikings enemies. The sail was hoisted and held in place on the center mast with ropes likely made from walrus hide. Once it caught a steady breeze, the sail could move the ship a very swift twelve knots. If the winds were calm, twenty to thirty oarsmen could move the ships briskly through the water at about five knots; the same speed as a quick walking pace.In conclusion, the Vikings were a proud, honorable, law-abiding people who valued warfare and personal reputation (they called it word fame') above almost anything else. They brought the seafaring ship to Europe and, by their constant depredations, spread its use far and wide. In only 50 years, they set their mark on the law and language of many countries and made many European communities see themselves in the light of a nation state for the first time. In terms of human history, if you blinked, you would have missed them! But the image the Vikings promoted of the brave, hardy individualist, unafraid of the world in all its forms, remains with us all as an example of how a man should conduct himself in adversity. Wealth dies, kinsmen die. Cattle die and the wheat, too. But this thing never dies word-fame! Word-fame never dies for he that achieves it well..

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Ideas, Movements and Leaders in the American Revolution

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The pushing forces behind the revolution were the ideas, leaders and movements. Without the three of these things working in unison the possibility of achieving revolution would be near impossible. Each of the three work to back up the others, without the support of the others, they would not work anywhere near as effectively. The first to be derived and the most important of the three were the ideas. Without them the other two would not have been possible. Liberty was the most prominent idea of Revolution, the concept of capturing their own emancipation from the British was the most appealing theory of the time. The concept of liberty was not the original belief however. Over the time, ideas were altered and born to fit with the current events. Another outstanding idea was that of "no taxation without representation" first said by Patrick Henry at the House of Burgess 1765, this notion spread threw the colonies and was often used to demote the British of their right to tax. Equally important were the leaders and movements. However without some kind of leadership the movements would not have been able to run smoothly. Without the leaders of the resolution there would be no control, chaos would reign and results would be difficult to obtain. Two perfect examples of leadership through the revolution were George Washington and Samuel Adams. One a dignified statesman, the other a radical propagandist each man inspired American colonists and helped lead them to the freedom they so greatly desired. Washington led the Continental army, and was in turn elected the First American President; Samuel Adams was the co-founder and leader of the Sons of Liberty, Americans most famous extremist group.This links directly to the movements of the Revolution, the movements were what gave the patriots the colonial backing and in the end secured the support they required to push the idea of liberty to the final stand. The movements, such as the Stamp Act Congress, often gave birth to new ideas, which were then spread throughout the colonies, the men who deliver these ideas often became the leaders of this new concept they created. The movements were also the pushing force behind the federation of the thirteen colonies, as often at these congresses it was desired to have a delegate from each colony. The two continental congresses offer a perfect example of how movements effected the revolution. It was at the Second Continental Congress of 1775 that the colonies banned together and declared war on the British.

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Without ideas, leaders and movements I believe the move for independence would have proved impossible for colonist, these three factors were the driving force behind the Revolution. Without ideas there would be no leaders, without leaders no movements, and without movements no inspiration to finally break free from a tyrannical government. Without the three working simultaneously one must agree, there would have been no revolution..

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