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Inventories / Use Pattern.This program produces databases on toxic chemicals releases to air, water, and land through the National Pollutant Release Inventory, and industry self-reporting activity. Use patterns of commercial chemicals, including pesticides, are developed on an as needed basis..Air and Wast.This program is aimed at the reduction of environmental impacts resulting from sources of air pollutants, including combustion processes as well as the reduction of impacts from solid waste management at federal facilities..
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Toxic Chemicals.This program measures the environmental risks associated with priority toxic substances in the region as well as selected substances of national concern. Control strategies are developed for the highest risk substances.Pesticide.This program quantifies the environmental impacts from high-risk pesticide use and develops mitigative measures for regional pesticide programs, primarily those at federal facilities.Alternatives to Pesticide.Many city dwellers expect instant solutions when it comes to controlling insects and weeds in their gardens and back yards simply spray a pesticide and the problem is solved. Unfortunately, its not as simple as that. Pesticides have to be poisons, otherwise they wont work..Like any poison around the home, pesticides should be used as a last resort and with extreme caution. Have you ever stopped to consider that for some pest problems you may not need a pesticide? On the small scale of yards and family gardens, non-chemical pest control can be a feasible alternative.Why Try Alternative Pest Control.Pesticides are toxic to many forms of life in addition to the species to be controlled. Honeybees and useful predatory insects such as ladybugs can be killed outright when the pesticide is applied. Pesticide residues can accumulate in the food chain, causing damage to birds, fish, and other forms of animal life. In many cases these side effects are not immediately apparent, but show up later; for example, in the abnormal eggs laid by birds that have fed on pesticide-treated insects. Ultimately some side effects may extend to human life as well..Using a pesticide can be compared to taking a prescription drug, in that the benefits must be weighed against the side effects. Pesticides alleviate symptoms, but do not provide a cure they have not eliminated one insect species from the planet. In fact, extensive use of pesticides in agriculture has led to the development of genetically resistant insect and weed species that are no longer affected by some commonly used pesticides..Alternative Methods of Pest Contro.Chemical insecticides are a useful tool in the control of insect pests but they are not the only method available. The homeowner has a number of biological and cultural options that, from an environmental and health viewpoint, are more attractive. A rigorously followed pest management program around the home and garden will hold pest populations at a level where pesticides will seldom be required and then only as a last resort.The phrase pest management is intended to convey the concept of managing pest populations rather than controlling them. Pest management is a systematic approach to keeping pest populations below the economic/aesthetic injury level. It demands some knowledge of insect life histories and the influence of the physical environment on pest reproduction, survival, and distribution. Much of this information is available from both provincial and federal agriculture departments.Companion Plantin.Vegetables and flowers have different odours and root secretions that are believed to affect the activity of insects and the growth of nearby plants..Plant marigolds and other members of the chrysanthemum family throughout the garden to protect tomatoes, beans, and other plants from a variety of insects..Sow aromatic plants at intervals throughout the garden to ward off pests. Chives, dill, nasturtiums, geraniums, thyme, basil, celery, mint, garlic, and onions are examples of aromatic plants often grown for their own value anyway..Basil is said to keep tomatoes free from infestation, and savoury to protect beans. Onions or garlic sowed next to carrots will foil the carrot fly..Plant horseradish at the corners of a potato patch, and plant beans near potatoes to repel the Colorado potato beetle..Consult gardening books and magazines. Again, magazines such as Harrowsmith and Organic Gardening are a good source..Conclusio.Remember that pesticides only relieve symptoms… they are not a cure-all. Insects will never be eradicated. Instead, why not tolerate minor flaws and blemishes on fruit and vegetation? Think of your yard and garden as a small portion of nature in which pests too have their place. Oftentimes nature provides its own pest control in the form of birds or other insects that feed on the species we consider nuisances. But if you do want to give nature a helping hand, next time consider the alternatives before reaching for a spray can.Centralized Composting Helps to Complete the Carbon Cycl.What is composting.Composting is a natural process whereby microorganisms transform organic waste materials into a soil- like product called humus. Kitchen scraps, leaves and yard waste, paper, wood, food-processing wastes, as well as agricultural crop wastes and animal manure, are excellent organic waste materials that can be composted..Composting has two benefits it helps to reduce the amount of waste going to landfills and to recover a valuable resource. It is estimated that about 40 to 60 percent of the total waste stream could be composted.For the composting process to work best, it is important that the microorganisms have a continuous supply of food (i.e., organic wastes), water and oxygen. As well, managing the temperature of the composting material is important to make the process work..Although most organic wastes supply all of the nutrients necessary for the microorganisms to grow, they grow best with certain levels of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Paper, leaves and wood are high in carbon, while grass clippings and vegetable trimmings are high in nitrogen. The materials in the composting recipe need to be mixed in the correct combination to create the right C N ratio..Woah.The number of centralised composting facilities throughout Canada has more than tripled from 0 to over 10 since 18.The Carbon Cycl.Carbon is an essential component of all living things. It exists mostly as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and oceans, and in fossil fuels stored beneath the Earths surface. The major steps of the carbon cycle are thes.ɨ Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants and converted into sugar by the process of photosynthesis.ɨ Animals eat plants, breaking down the sugars and releasing carbon into the atmosphere, oceans and soil.ɨ Other organisms break down dead plant and animal matter, returning carbon to the non-living environment.ɨ Carbon is also exchanged between the oceans and the atmosphere.Composting helps complete the carbon cycle by returning the carbon to the non-living environment by decomposing plant and animal matter.Types of Compostin.Composting can be done in many different ways. Types of composting range from residential or backyard composting to mid-scale and central municipal or industrial composting systems. Selecting the most suitable method depends on the amount and type of organic materials to be composted..Residential or backyard composting means that an individual household composts most of its food and yard waste in a container located outside the home. Worm composting is a viable option to compost kitchen waste indoors. This is the simplest and most cost-effective method because collection, transportation and costs are avoided. People benefit directly from their own efforts by producing a valuable additive for their own garden soil..However, not all food and yard waste can be managed so simply. Organic material from commercial sources, such as restaurants, supermarkets, apartment buildings and food manufacturers, needs to be managed differently. This is where mid-scale and centralised composting fits in..Both mid-scale and centralised composting involves significantly larger quantities and a larger variety of organic wastes.Mid-scale composting is the on-site management of organic waste generated by a group of people, such as in an apartment complex, office building or hospital. This avoids the transportation of organic waste. Centralised composting involves the collection and transportation of organic materials to a special facility where it will be prepared and processed into compost..Woah.Approximately half of Canadas population lives in areas which have access to some type of centralised composting.Centralised Composting Facilitie.The design and set-up of a centralised composting site must take into account such factors as the type and volume of organic waste, waste collection methods, sorting, storage factors and the end use for the finished compost. Quality organic waste and good operating procedures ensure the production of high-quality compost.Among the most common centralised composting process technologies, in order of increased technology, ar.Windrow.Organic materials are placed in long triangular rows called windrows. Windrows are turned and watered occasionally to ensure that the microorganisms get an adequate supply of oxygen and that any clumps of organic material are broken up.This method is commonly used for composting leaf and yard waste, commercial food wastes, or such speciality items as shredded Christmas trees..Static Aerated Pil.Organic waste materials are formed into windrows over perforated pipes. Rather than the windrows being turned, air is supplied to the microorganisms through the pipes..Almost all municipalities own the necessary equipment required for centralised composting operations using windrows or static aerated piles. This means that the capital costs are relatively low..In-Vesse.In-vessel systems are either fully or partially enclosed, and can handle more material in a smaller space than windrows or static aerated piles. However, they tend to be more costly. These systems provide better control of aeration, temperature and the moisture in the organic materials being composted, all of which result in faster decomposition.If necessary, water can be added to maintain the correct moisture level, and air can be pumped in to provide oxygen and to control the temperature..Although different in-vessel systems are available, they are generally of three basic types channels or troughs, containers and rotating drums (sometimes called tube digesters)..Channels (or Troughs.The composting process takes place in long rectangular troughs or channels. The organic waste materials are mixed so that the clumps are broken up and the material is aerated..Container.Composting takes place in closed containers that are supplied with air. Excess moisture and exhaust airs are removed from the containers to maintain ideal conditions for the microorganisms throughout the process.Rotating Drums (Tube Digesters.Organic waste materials are added to a drum which is continuously rotating. The rotation ensures that the microorganisms are constantly supplied with the oxygen they need and that all of the organic waste materials are exposed to them. The material remains in the drum for three to five days and is then transferred to windrows for final curing..Anaerobic Digester.Organic waste materials can also be digested in an oxygen-free, or anaerobic, environment by micro- organisms that do not need oxygen. The length of time required to digest the organic waste material varies according to the individual technology usually between two and twenty days. The process produces humus, methane and carbon dioxide. The methane is captured and converted into energy. Following digestion, the humus is transferred to windrows for final composting.Composting has two benefits it helps to reduce the amount of waste going into landfills and to recover a valuable resource. It is estimated that approximately 40% to 60% of the total waste stream could be composted.CANADIANS DISPOSE OF ABOUT MILLION TONNES OF WASTE EACH YEAR. IMAGINE SIX FOOTBALL FIELDS PILED ONE KILOMETRE HIGH WITH GARBAGE! COMPOSTING CAN BE PART OF THE SOLUTION.IN ADDITION TO REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF WASTE GOING TO LANDFILLS, COMPOSTING IS ONE WAY TO RETURN NUTRIENTS TO THE SOIL. IT HELPS TO COMPLETE THE CARBON CYCLE. COMPOST IS A VALUABLE RESOURCE IN ITSELF FOR LANDSCAPING, IN POTTING SOIL FOR THE HORTICULTURAL INDUSTRY AND IN AGRICULTURE. BACKYARD COMPOSTING IS NOT ALWAYS APPROPRIATE. INDUSTRY HAS UNDERTAKEN LARGE-SCALE CENTRALIZED COMPOSTING PROJECTS AND SOME MUNICIPALITIES HAVE ALSO DEVELOPED CENTRALIZED COMPOSTING FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS FOR ORGANIC WASTES.Natural causes volcanic eruption spews pollutant.forest fires haze, swamps that release methane gas, wind action that creates dust storm.Human burning, improper waste disposal, industrial accidents, and agricultur.Air pollutants co, SO, nitrogen oxides, suspended particles.
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