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Part B Essay Question.
Resistance training is an acceptable method of developing strength in children. When choosing a training method for children it is always best to centre the exercises around using the individuals own body weight. A number of issues must first be addressed before beginning training, these include Injury to growth plates, appropriate warm ups/downs, medical conditions, size and age of the child, and physical, mental, and social health.
Resistance training in children can be very beneficial if done properly (that is, taught the correct methods) and under the supervision of a qualified adult. Children are equally, if not more trainable in a sense (e.g. % improvements) than adolescents and young adults. Strength gains are very possible in pre-adolescents, but it seems they are less trainable in terms of absolute strength. Before any resistance training occurs children should always be examined and declared fit by a physician. It is best to encourage resistance training as only one of a variety of normal recreational and sport activities, and always vary the training body weight, free weights, machines and springs. Children that are participating in resistance training must be mature enough to accept instruction and coaching.
Intensity appears to be the critical factor in determining strength gains in preadolescents. The optimal loading parameter in terms of repetitions, sets and training sessions per week are yet to be determined and should be centered on the child's body weight, age, height, maturity, strength. Strength gains during preadolescents can be attributed primarily to improvements in neuromuscular activation and motor coordination, not hypertrophy. Achieving strength gains and keeping them cannot be achieved on the basis of one high intensity training session per week. To achieve best results, without over-exertion, two to three sessions of less than 0mins with one to three sets of each exercise per week is the optimal amount of training for preadolescents. Short term resistance training does not interfere with the normal development of cardio respiratory fitness during preadolescents, and can even provide a positive stimulus under specific conditions.
It is essential to include thorough warm up and cool down periods, including stretching whenever any resistance training is being done with preadolescents. The loading is always based on the child's own capacity and follows a progression throughout the program. Always avoid extremely high intensity efforts, such a maximal or near-maximal lifts with free weights of machines. Children must be capable of doing 6-8 reps of each exercise, if not the load is too heavy. Emphasis on technique always takes precedence over number of reps achieved and weights lifted, stop exercises when the quality of technical execution begins to break down. Attention must be paid to proper alignment of body segments during exercise. Always discourage competition between preadolescents, helping them to focus on personal improvement.
Although body composition of children (body fat and lean body mass) is not effected by resistance training, the risk of musculoskeletal injury cannot be ruled out. The risk is low when training under competently supervised conditions especially when competition among children is prohibited. Avoid eccentric training involving isolated muscles, try to encourage dynamic concentric contractions as they are more beneficial to children. A direct relationship between improved sports performance and strength gains made as a result of training in preadolescents is still yet to be acknowledged. However, there is a clear increase in motor fitness from resistance training in preadolescents. Circuit training with low to moderate resistance should be considered as a means of introducing children to correct technique, and to capitalize on possible cardio respiratory benefits. Balance should be achieved between upper and lower body development and between agonistic and antagonistic muscles when performing resistance training. If using weight machines, only those machines that are designed for children should be used, or those where the loads are able to be easily adjusted for the reduced strength capacity and size of children.
Resistance training can play an important role in reducing the incidence and severity of injury in youth sport. It stimulates the appropriate biological mechanisms that strengthen the supporting structures (muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones), enhance the ability of tissues to absorb more force prior to failure (tearing) and develop greater muscular balance about specific joints. The application of resistance training is by itself a physical stress. Factors such as fatigue, aggressiveness, experience, contact in the sport, practice time, and other social or environmental influences play a role in the prevention of injuries. These factors should always be considered in the over-all program of planning practices and physical training sessions.
Fractures can often occur from resistance training, particularly stress fractures and sited at the Epiphyses (growth plates). The accentuation of any of the spines curvatures can cause a lordosis or kyphosis in the spine. Scollitic spinal injuries (twisting of the spine) can be the result of imbalances in training programmes. Cartilage problems may occur with short-range repetitive movements or excessive loading during training. Ligament injuries are likely when the loads are excessive and joints taken beyond their normal range as a consequence. The mechanism of injury here can be indirect, i.e. not caused directly by the equipment but by the body's attempts to control the load.
The best exercises for developing strength in children involve lifting there own body weight. Resistance training is acceptable, as long as it is supervised and the correct technique is taught.
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